4.11: SVs and associated function words
- Page ID
- 89628
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)| 好 | 累 | 忙 | 冷 | 很 | 了 | 太 |
| 3+3 | 6+5 | 3+3 | 2+5 | 3+6 | 1+1 | 3+1 |
| hǎo | lèi | máng | lěng | hěn | le | tài |
| be good | tired | busy | cold | very | LE | too; very (grand) |
| 還 | 餓 | 熱 |
| 3+13 | 8+7 | 4+11 |
| 还 | 饿 | 热 |
| 3+4 | 3+7 | 4+6 |
| hái | è | rè |
| still | hungry | hot |
Notes
a) SVs: 好 is composed of the female-radical, 女, and 子 zǐ ‘child’ (the latter without phonetic function); often explained as the paradigm of a ‘good relationship’. 累 shows 田 ‘field’ above and the radical derived from the graph used for ‘silk’ below: ‘a heavy and tiring burden for such as slender base’. 忙, with heart radical (a compressed and truncated version of 心) and 亡 wáng as a phonetic element, can be compared to 忘 wàng ‘forget’ with the same elements configured vertically. 饿/餓 is composed of the food radical and the element 我 wǒ, chosen for its sound value. 冷, has two strokes (diǎn and tiáo) on the left forming the so-called ‘ice radical’, found in a few graphs such as 冰 bīng ‘ice’. The right hand element of 冷 is 令 lìng, a ‘phonetic element’ also found in 零 líng ‘zero’. The four strokes at the base of 热/熱 rè are a form of the ‘fire-radical’ which, in its independent form, is written 火.
b) ADVs: The graph 很 hěn ‘very’ is composed of 彳 as radical and 艮 gèn as phonetic (cf. 恨 hèn, 狠 hěn, 跟 gēn). 太 tài ‘great’ is 大 dà ‘big’ with the extra dot. The graph 还/還 is also used for the word huán ‘to give back’, which is probably the meaning that inspired the traditional graph. The simplified version substitutes 不 not for its sound or meaning, but for its general shape which serves to represent the complicated right-hand element. (Cf. 環/环 huán ‘a ring; surround’.)
c) 了 should be distinguished from 子 zǐ. In the traditional set, the radical assigned to 了 is the second stroke, the vertical hook; but in the simplified set, it is the first stroke, whose uncontorted form is 乙, a radical also assigned to 也.
Covering the pinyin, check your pronunciation of the following phrases:
a) Jiǎntǐzì ‘simplified set’
| 三月 | 今天 | 也好 | 姓王 | 昨天 | 我们 |
| sānyuè | jīntiān | yě hǎo | xìng Wáng | zuótiān | wǒmen |
| 很累 | 不饿 | 不好 | 明天 | 还好 | 姓毛 |
| hěn lèi | bú è | bù hǎo | míngtiān | hái hǎo | xìng Máo |
| 你们 | 九月 | 二十日 | 姓林 | 明年 | 她们 |
| nǐmen | jiǔyuè | èrshí rì | xìng Lín | míngnián | tāmen |
| 你呢 | 他们 | 八月 | 很忙 | 不太累 | 冷吗 |
| nǐ ne | tāmen | bāyuè | hěn máng | bú tài lèi | lěng ma |
| 不冷 | 很热 | 九十 | 不饿了 | 好不好 | 冷了 |
| bù lěng | hěn rè | jiǔshí | bú è le | hǎo bu hǎo | lěng le |
b) Fántǐzì (including graphs that have only one form)
| 他們 | 很熱 | 不冷了 | 很餓 | 明年 | 我們 |
| tāmen | hěn rè | bù lěng le | hěn è | míngnián | wǒmen |
| 不熱了 | 餓不餓 | 姓周 | 你們 | 冷嗎 | 太好 |
| bú rè le | è bu è | xìng Zhōu | nǐmen | lěng ma | tài hǎo |
Reading
| 甲 | 乙 | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. |
今天很忙也很累。 昨天还好，不太忙，也不太累。 |
昨天呢？ |
| 2. |
你们饿不饿？ 我呢，我很饿。 |
不饿，还好！你呢？ |
| 3. | 今天很热! | 昨天也很热！ |
| 4. |
今天冷了。 昨天不太冷，还好。 |
昨天呢? |
| 5. |
我们很热。 Ng, 我们也很累。 |
我也很热！很热也很累！ |
| 6. |
饿吗？ 不累，还好。 不饿了。 |
不太饿。我很累。你呢？ 饿不饿？ 我也不饿。 |