3.13: Coordinating Conjunctions and Conjunctive Adverbs
- Page ID
- 293710
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Coordinating Conjunctions
A coordinating conjunction is a word that joins two independent clauses. The coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so. Note that a comma comes at the end of the first independent clause when joining two clauses.
|
Independent Clause |
Coordinating Conjunction |
Independent Clause |
Revised Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|
|
I will not be attending the dance. |
“for” indicates a reason or cause |
I have no one to go with. |
I will not be attending the dance, for I have no one to go with. |
|
I plan to stay at home. |
“and” joins two ideas |
I will complete an essay for class. |
I plan to stay at home, and I will complete an essay for class. |
|
Jessie isn’t going to be at the dance. |
“nor” indicates a negative |
Tom won’t be there either. |
Jessie isn’t going to be at the dance, nor will Tom be there. |
|
The fundraisers are hoping for a record-breaking attendance. |
“but” indicates a negative |
I don’t think many people are going. |
The fundraisers are hoping for a record-breaking attendance, but I don’t think many people are going. |
|
I might go to the next fundraising event. |
“or” offers an alternative |
I might donate some money to the cause. |
I might go to the next fundraising event, or I might donate some money to the cause. |
|
My parents are worried that I am antisocial. |
“yet” indicates a reason |
I have many friends at school. |
My parents are worried that I am antisocial, yet I have many friends at school. |
|
Buying a new dress is expensive. |
“so” indicates a result |
By staying home, I will save money. |
Buying a new dress is expensive, so by staying home, I will save money. |
Tip: To help you remember the seven coordinating conjunctions, think of the acronym FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Remember that when you use a coordinating conjunction in a sentence, a comma comes at the end of the first independent clause.
Conjunctive Adverbs
Another method of joining two independent clauses with related and equal ideas is to use a conjunctive adverb and semicolon. A conjunctive adverb is a linking word that demonstrates a relationship between two clauses.
Since the below sentences contain two equal and related ideas, they may be joined using a conjunctive adverb. Notice that the conjunctive adverb comes after the semicolon that separates the two clauses and has a comma after it.
Ex: Bridget wants to take part in the next Olympics. She trains every day.
Ex: Bridget wants to take part in the next Olympics; therefore, she trains every day.
Review the following chart of some common conjunctive adverbs with examples of how they are used:
|
Function |
Conjunctive Adverb |
Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Addition |
also, furthermore, moreover, besides |
Alicia was late for class and stuck in traffic; furthermore, her shoe heel had broken and she had forgotten her lunch. |
|
Comparison |
similarly, likewise |
Recycling aluminum cans is beneficial to the environment ; similarly, reusing plastic bags and switching off lights reduce waste. |
|
Contrast |
instead , however, conversely |
Most people do not walk to work; instead, they drive or take the train. |
|
Emphasis |
namely, certainly, indeed |
The Syberian tiger is a rare creature; indeed, there are fewer than 500 left in wild. |
|
Cause & Effect |
accordingly, consequently, hence, thus |
I missed my train this morning; consequently, I was late for my meeting. |
|
Time |
finally, next, subsequently |
Tim crossed the barrier, jumped over the wall, and pushed through the hole in the fence; finally, he made it to the station. |
Combine each sentence pair into a single sentence using either a coordinating conjunction or a conjunctive adverb.
Example:
- Pets are not allowed in Ms. Wallace’s building.
- She owns several cats and a parrot.
__Pets are not allowed in Ms. Wallace’s building; however, she owns several cats and a parrot.
Pair 1
- New legislation prevents drivers from sending or reading text messages while driving.
- Many people continue to use their phones illegally.
_____________________________________________________________________
Pair 2
- The coroner concluded that the young man had taken a lethal drug.
- By the time his relative found him, nothing could be done.
_____________________________________________________________________
Pair 3
- Amphibians are vertebrates that live on land and in the water.
- Flatworms are invertebrates that live only in water.
_____________________________________________________________________
Pair 4
- Priya carefully fed and watered her tomato plants all summer.
- The tomatoes grew juicy and ripe.
_____________________________________________________________________
Pair 5
- When he lost his car key, James attempted to open the door with a wire hanger, a credit card, and a paperclip.
- He called the manufacturer for advice.
_____________________________________________________________________
Attributions:
Content on this page was adapted from ESL Academic Writing(opens in new window), which was shared under a CC BY (opens in new window)license by Prince George's Community College.