1.23: Sinopsis- ¡Hola! ¿Cómo te llamas?
- Page ID
- 304484
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)See the review summaries below of the vocabulary and grammar covered in this chapter.
Saludos y respuestas (Greetings and Responses)
| Hola Hello | |
| Estoy muy bien. I am very well. | |
| Buenos días Good morning |
|
| Estoy bastante bien. I am quite well. |
|
| Buenas tardes Good afternoon |
|
| Buenas noches Good evening |
|
| Estoy más o menos. I am ok. |
|
| Estoy regular. I am ok. |
|
| Estoy mal. I’m sick / I’m not doing well. |
|
| ¿Cómo está (usted)? (formal) How are you? |
|
| ¿Cómo estás (tú)? (informal) How are you? |
|
| ¿Qué tal? (informal) How’s it going? |
|
| Gracias, ¿y usted? (formal) Thank you, and you? |
|
| Gracias, ¿y tú? (informal) Thank you, and you? |
|
| Estoy bien. I am well. |
|
*Note: “así así” (so-so) is an expression commonly heard in American movies where Spanish speaking characters are portrayed. However, this expression is not accurate. The accurate way to say that you are “so-so” or “ok” is “más o menos” or “regular“.
| Presentaciones (Introductions) | |
| ¿Cómo se llama usted? (formal) What is your name? | |
| ¿De dónde es usted? (formal) Where are you from? | |
| ¿Cómo te llamas? (informal) What is your name? | |
| ¿De dónde eres? (informal) Where are you from? | |
| Esta es… This is… (introducing a female) | |
|
Este es… This is… (introducing a male) |
|
| Este es Pablo y esta es María. This is Pablo and this is María. |
Soy de…I am from…
| Soy de Perú. I am from Peru. | |
| Me llamo… My name is / I call myself… | |
| Mi nombre es… My name is… | |
| Te presento a… (informal) May I present… | |
| Pedro, te presento a Pablo. Pedro, may I present Pablo. / Pedro, I’d like to introduce Pablo. | |
| Encantado Delighted / Nice to meet you. (say if you are male.) | |
| Encantada Delighted/Nice to meet you. (say if you are female.) | |
| Encantada de conocerte. (informal) Nice to meet you. | |
| El gusto es mío. The pleasure is mine. | |
| Mucho gusto Nice to meet you. | |
| Igualmente Same / Likewise | |
| Sra. (señora) Mrs. | |
| Sr. (señor) Mr. | |
| Srta. (señorita) Miss | |
| Sr. López, le presento a Pablo. Mr. Lopez, may I present Pablo / let me introduce you to Pablo. |
Le presento a … (formal) May I present… / Let me introduce you to…
Despedidas (Farewells)
| Adiós Goodbye | |
| Chao (sometimes spelled chau) ‘Bye | |
| Hasta luego See you later |
|
| Hasta mañana See you tomorrow |
|
| Hasta pronto See you soon |
|
| ¡Nos vemos! See you (later) |
|
En la mochila del estudiante (in the student’s backpack)
|
1.la mochila (backpack) |
|
| 2. el diccionario (dictionary) | |
| 3. la computadora (computer) | |
| 4. la calculadora (calculator) | |
| 5. el teléfono (telephone) | |
| 6. el libro (book) | |
| 7. el marcador (marker) | |
| 8. el cuaderno (notebook) | |
| 9. el bolígrafo (pen) | |
| 10. el lápiz (pencil) | |
| 11. la carpeta (folder/ binder) | |
| 12. el papel (paper), la hoja de papel (piece of paper) | |
| 13. el escritorio (desk) |
En la clase (in the class)
| 1. la pared (wall) | |
| 2. el estudiante (student, m) | |
| 3. la estudiante (student, f) | |
| 4. el reloj (clock) | |
| 5. el proyector (projector) | |
| 6. la mesa (table) | |
| 7. el pupitre (student’s desk) | |
| 8. la cortina (curtain) | |
| 9. la ventana (window) | |
| 10. el profesor, la profesora (professor, m, f) |
En el salón de clase (in the classroom)
| 1. la luz (light) |
|
| 2. el mapa (map) | |
| 3. la pizarra (chalkboard/ whiteboard) | |
| 4. la tiza (chalk) | |
| 5. la puerta (door) | |
| 6. la silla (chair) | |
| 7. la basura (trash) |
Una palabra útil (a useful word):
hay (there is / there are; “hay” is an invariable verb that is only used to talk about the existence or presence, or the quantity of things.)
| 0 cero |
|
| 1 uno | |
| 2 dos | |
| 3 tres | |
| 4 cuatro | |
| 5 cinco | |
| 6 seis | |
| 7 siete | |
| 8 ocho | |
| 9 nueve | |
| 10 diez | |
| 11 once | |
| 12 doce | |
| 13 trece | |
| 14 catorce | |
| 15 quince | |
| 16 dieciséis | |
| 17 diecisiete | |
| 18 dieciocho | |
| 19 diecinueve | |
| 20 veinte | |
| 21 veintiuno | |
| 22 veintidós | |
| 23 veintitrés | |
| 24 veinticuatro | |
| 25 veinticinco | |
| 26 veintiséis | |
| 27 veintisiete | |
| 28 veintiocho | |
| 29 veintinueve | |
| 30 treinta | |
| 31 treinta y uno | |
| 32 treinta y dos | |
| 33 treinta y tres | |
| 34 treinta y cuatro | |
| 35 treinta y cinco | |
| 36 treinta y seis | |
| 37 treinta y siete | |
| 38 treinta y ocho | |
| 39 treinta y nueve | |
| 40 cuarenta | |
| 43 cuarenta y tres | |
| 49 cuarenta y nueve | |
| 50 cincuenta | |
| 51 cincuenta y uno | |
| 55 cincuenta y cinco | |
| 60 sesenta | |
| 62 sesenta y dos | |
| 66 sesenta y seis | |
| 70 setenta | |
| 73 setenta y tres | |
| 77 setenta y siete | |
| 80 ochenta | |
| 84 ochenta y cuatro | |
| 88 ochenta y ocho | |
| 90 noventa | |
| 99 noventa y nueve | |
| 100 cien |
Definite articles:
| masculino | femenino | |
| singular | el | la |
| plural | los | las |
Indefinite articles:
| masculino | femenino | |
| singular | un | una |
| plural | unos | unas |
Nouns and Articles
Nouns
Nouns identify people, animals, places, and things. In Spanish, all nouns have gender (masculine or feminine), and number (singular or plural).
Nouns referring to people who are males or females are easy to categorize by gender:
| Masculine | English | Feminine | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| el hombre | man | la mujer | woman |
| el chico | boy | la chica | girl |
| el muchacho | boy | la muchacha | girl |
| el profesor | professor | la profesora | professor |
| el señor | Mr.; sir | la señora | Mrs.; Madam |
Some nouns referring to people have identical masculine and feminine forms. The article indicates the gender of these words:
| Masculine | English | Feminine | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| el joven | young man | la joven | young woman |
| el estudiante | student (male) | la estudiante | student (female) |
| el turista | tourist (male) | la turista | tourist (female) |
Some nouns referring to animals by default will use either the masculine or feminine definite article ("el" or "la"). In this case, to specify whether we are referring to a male or female "animal", we need to use the words "macho" (male), and "hembra" (female):
| Default | English | Default | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| el chimpancé | chimpanzee | la abeja | bee |
| el canguro | kangaroo | la araña | spider |
| el gusano | worm | la ardilla | squirrel |
| el gorila | gorilla | la ballena | whale |
| el pez | fish | la mariposa | butterfly |
| el rinoceronte | rhinoceros | la serpiente | serpent |
| el sapo | toad | la jirafa | giraffe |
| el tiburón | shark | la rana | frog |
| Examples: |
|---|
| el canguro macho; el canguro hembra; los canguros machos; los canguros hembras |
| la ballena macho; la ballena hembra; las ballenas machos; las ballenas hembras |
It is harder to understand nouns that refer to places and things. Here are some guidelines that may help, but they do not apply to all of the nouns; they all have exceptions. Because of this, it is best to always learn the noun with its corresponding article to remember whether it is masculine or feminine.
General guidelines for nouns referring to places and things
In the following list of examples, the endings of nouns are in bold.
- Most nouns that end in -o, -ma, -pa, -ta, -l, -n, -r and -s, are masculine.
- Most nouns that end in -a, -ción, -sión, -dad, -tad, -sis, -itis, and -z are feminine.
- Nouns that end in -e can be either masculine or feminine.
| Masculine | English | Feminine | English | Exceptions | English | Exceptions | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| el libro | book | la escuela | school | la mano | hand | el día | day |
| el problema | problem | la lección | lesson | la foto | photo | el alerta | alert |
| el mapa | map | la televisión | television (station) | la suma | sum | el camión | truck |
| el planeta | planet | la comunidad | community | la sopa | soup | el césped | grass (lawn) |
| el estante | shelf | la clase | class | la chaqueta | jacket | la análisis | analysis |
| el papel | paper | la libertad | liberty | la miel | honey | el lápiz | pencil |
| el examen | exam | la dosis | dose | la imagen | image | el arroz | rice |
| el color | color | la artritis | arthritis | la flor | flower | ||
| el autobús | bus | la luz | light | la tos | cough |
Some nouns have a different meaning depending on whether they are masculine or feminine:
| Masculine | English | Feminine | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| el capital | capital (money) | la capital | capital (city) |
| el cólera | cholera | la cólera | anger |
| el coma | coma | la coma | comma |
| el cometa | comet | la cometa | kite |
| el corte | cut (fabric) | la corte | court (judicial; king's/queen's) |
| el cura | priest | la cura | cure |
| el frente | front | la frente | forehead |
| el mañana | tomorrow | la mañana | morning |
| el orden | order (arrangement) | la orden | order (command) |
| el papa | pope | la papa | potato |
| el parte | message, report | la parte | part, portion |
| el pendiente | earring; errand | la pendiente | hill or slope |
| el pez | fish | la pez | tar |
| el radio | radius, radium | la radio | radio (some say 'el radio') |
Articles
As mentioned above, it is best to learn the nouns with its corresponding article. There are four forms that are equivalent to the English definite article "the". The same goes for the indefinite article: a, an, or some.
Definite Articles: Indefinite Articles:
| Number | Masculine | Feminine | Number | Masculine | Feminine |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | el papel | la clase | singular | un papel | una clase |
| plural | los papeles | las clases | plural | unos papeles | unas clases |
Plural of Nouns
To form the plural of a noun that ends in a vowel by simply adding "-s".
For nouns ending in a consonant, add "-es". If the consonant is the letter "z", change the "z" to "c" before adding "-es".
| Singular | → | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| la clase | → | las clases |
| el papel | → | los papeles |
| la luz | → | las luces |
In general, the accent mark of a singular noun must be also used when forming into a plural noun unless the accent mark is on the last syllable of the singular noun.
| Singular | → | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| el lápiz | → | los lápices |
| el autobús | → | los autobuses |
| la lección | → | las lecciones |
The masculine plural form is also used when the group is a mixed-gender group (there is a masculine noun):
1 muchacho + 2 muchachas = 3 muchachos OR los muchachos
Contributors and Attributions
- Putting It Together: Putting It Together: u00a1Hola! u00bfCu00f3mo te llamas?. Authored by: Lumen Learning. License: CC BY: Attribution
- This page titled 1.3: Los sustantivos y los artículos is shared under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by M. Barrio De Mendoza, K Gutiérrez, H.Ho, C. Lin, & A Stere Lugo (ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative) .