2.5: El verbo "estar" con preposiciones y adjetivos
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)"Estar" with Prepositions and Adjectives
In 1.4.0 you learned how to conjugate the verb "ser" (to be). Unlike English, Spanish has a second verb that translates as "to be": "estar".
Conjugation
While it looks like a regular "-ar" verb, "estar" is an irregular verb because the "yo" form is irregular; and the endings of "tú, usted, él, ella, ustedes, ellos, ellas" require a written accent.
| Singular | Conjugation | Plural | Conjugation |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | estoy | nosotros/nosotras | estamos |
| tú | estás | vosotros/vosotras | estáis |
| usted, él/ella | está | ustedes, ellos/ellas | están |
Uses of "estar"
The verb "estar" is used to express temporary or changing states of being, such as position, location, action, condition, and feelings.
The acronym used to help you remember the uses of "estar" is PLACE:
In the following list, the words that refer to the acronym PLACE are indicated in bold.
- Position: "El libro está encima de la mesa". "El lápiz está en la mochila". ("The book is on top of the table." "The pencil is in the backpack.")
- Location: "Ramiro está en la oficina". ("Ramiro is at the office.")
- ATENCIÓN: Although a place’s location on a map is not temporary (Sacramento will always be in California), we also use "estar" to express this type of location: "Sacramento está en California".
- Action: "Ellos están hablando". "Luis está estudiando". ("They are talking." "Luis is studying.")
- Condition: "Laura está preocupada". ("Laura is worried.")
- Emotion: "Tú estás feliz". "Vosotros estáis tristes". ("You are happy." "You are sad.")
More examples:
- Inés está en casa. - Inés is at home.
- Beto está caminando. - Beto is walking.
- Estoy enfermo. - I am sick.
"laptop" by Hatice EROL, Pixabay is licensed under CC0 1.0
"Walking" by ijmaki, Pixabay is licensed under CC0 1.0
"Catch a cold" by Conmongt, Pixabay is licensed under CC0 1.0
Prepositions and Adverbs Used with Location:
| al lado de | next to | delante de | in front of (not facing) |
|---|---|---|---|
| a la derecha de | to the right of | detrás de | behind |
| a la izquierda de | to the left of | en | in; on; at |
| allá | over there | encima de | on top of |
| allí | there | en frente de | in front of (facing) |
| aquí | here | entre | between |
| cerca de | near | lejos de | far from |
| con | with | sin | without |
| debajo de | below | sobre | on; over |
Adjectives of Condition and Emotion:
| abierto/a | open | contento/a | content | listo/a | ready |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aburrido/a | bored | desordenado/a | messy; disorderly | nervioso/a | nervous |
| alegre | happy | enamorado/a (de) | in love (with) | ocupado/a | busy |
| avergonzado/a | embarrassed | enojado/a | angry | ordenado/a | tidy; orderly |
| cansado/a | tired | enfermo/a | sick (ill) | preocupado/a (por) | worried (about) |
| cerrado/a | closed | equivocado/a | wrong | seguro/a | sure |
| cómodo/a | comfortable | feliz | happy | sucio/a | dirty |
| confundido/a | confused | limpio/a | clean | triste | sad |