23.5: "Discovering Our Common Humanity Through Space Archaeology" by Kristin Butler

Kristin Butler is a science writer whose work has appeared many times in Discover magazine. She has written across a broad range of the sciences. This short piece appeared in the September 21, 2017 Citizen Science Salon blog hosted by the magazine. This essay is licensed under a Creative Commons Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.

Pre-Reading Questions:

1) Sometimes people think of archaeology as a kind of treasure hunt. They’ve seen the Indiana Jones movies, they’ve possibly seen pictures of silver hoards discovered in the English countryside or gold coins from Spanish shipwrecks. But the most important “item” discovered by archaeologists is information. Finding a piece of gold is meaningless if researchers cannot discover how old it is, how it may have been used, and what it may have meant to the people who buried it. Can you think of some information that could only be known when an object is found in its original position?

2) Google “Must Farm” to see how important it can be to find boring, everyday items that were left in the places and positions where people actually used them. This site was buried in the muds, but can you think of some parts of ancient sites that could only be seen from the air?

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Like many people, I was first introduced to the world of archaeology by Indiana Jones, that adventuresome character who lit up the big screen rescuing artifacts from villains by the skin of his teeth.

Indy was awesome and will always have a place in my heart. But while he succeeded in making archaeology seem romantic, I never understood why it was important or believed I could join the adventure until I was introduced (via the small screen) to a real life archaeologist named Sarah Parcak.

Parcak is a space archaeologist. She is one of about 200 archaeologists around the world who use satellite imagery to locate evidence of the civilizations that came before us.

Recently she launched Global XPlorer, a citizen science project that promises to democratize the field of archaeology while dramatically increasing the number of archaeological sites that can be found in less time

This is important because we are running out of time. Economic hardship and political unrest have led to an exponential increase in the looting of archaeological artifacts across the globe. If we lose these hidden treasures we risk losing historical knowledge, beautiful artwork, and something more, Parcak says—an opportunity to realize our “common humanity.”

“The most important thing we do as archaeologists is acknowledge that past people existed and lived lives worth learning about,” Parcak says in a TED Talk earlier this year. “Can you even imagine what the world would be like today if we acknowledged all human beings in this way?”

It is her vision that archaeology can grow the world’s empathy by inviting everyday people to take part that makes Parcak’s project exciting to me.

SPACE ARCHAEOLOGY ON THE SMALL SCREEN

Parcak first learned to love digging for treasures by digging for sand dollars as a child in Bangor, Maine. Later she earned a B.A. in Egyptology and Archaeology at Yale and an M.Phil. and Ph.D. at Cambridge.

I first learned about her recently when I watched a TED Talk online that she’d delivered in 2012. In it she explained how space archaeologists use satellite imagery and infrared light to highlight chemical changes to the landscape caused by the buildings and activities of the ancient Egyptians.

She shared how her team used this technology to discover the lost city of Itjtawy, which was Egypt’s capitol during the civilization’s Renaissance period, and proposed that the lessons of Itijawy’s resilience in the face of political and environmental strife could teach us how to face the challenges we face today.

Parcak became a TED Fellow in 2014, and two years later she won the TED Prize, a $1 million award given each year to a visionary leader to help them spark global change. Parcak used the money to launch Global XPlorer, and explained the program in several TED talks in 2016 and this year.

GLOBAL XPLORER

Global XPlorer uses a website to engage citizen scientists in analyzing satellite images of Earth to spot looting and locate possible new archaeological sites. The images, which are provided by Digital Globe, are divided into individual sections called “tiles” that display around 20 X 20 meters of the earth’s surface.

Citizen scientists create a free account on the website and take a quick tutorial to learn techniques such as how to differentiate pits, bulldozer tracks, and other signs of looting from trees, houses, and normal human activity. Once they’ve completed the tutorial, they spend as much time as they want online viewing the tiles and reporting what they observe. Other volunteers also view the same tiles to improve the quality of the data.

The data are shared with archaeologists and local authorities who use them to protect the sites from looting. They are not shared with the general public, though, in order to protect the location of possible sites from looters. Once new sites have been protected, archaeologists will share their successes with citizen scientists through Periscope, Google plus, and other social media.

The data are shared with archaeologists and local authorities who use them to protect the sites from looting. They are not shared with the general public, though, in order to protect the location of possible sites from looters. Once new sites have been protected, archaeologists will share their successes with citizen scientists through Periscope, Google plus, and other social media.

So far, almost 60,000 citizen scientists have participated, exploring more than 12 million satellite images and identifying more than 29,000 potential archaeological sites and features. The Global Xplorer team still needs scouts for the Peru expedition and also plans to start a new expedition soon.

RACING AGAINST TIME

Their efforts couldn’t come at a better time. Archaeologists are just beginning to scratch the surface of what there is left to find across the globe. For instance, Parcak estimates that in Egypt alone we’ve only found one thousandth of one percent of the number of archaeology sites that wait below the surface to be discovered.

Unfortunately, looting of archaeological sites is increasing rapidly, outpacing the ability of professional archaeologists to find and protect them. On any given day more than 10,000 looted artifacts are for sale in the global market and at the pace looting is going, all of Egypt’s sites will be affected by looting by 2040, Parcak says.

To better understand the causes of this increase, Parcak and her team looked at open source data to map looting activities at over 200,000 looting pits. They found that looting started to sharply increase during the 2009 global recession, indicating that it is fundamentally an economic issue.

In addition, there are two types of looters: criminal elements like ISIS that use the money to fund terrorism, and impoverished local people who loot in order to feed their families.

INVERTING THE PYRAMIDS

The solution, Parcak believes, is to “invert the pyramids” by opening archaeology to everyday people through technology, crowdsourcing, and citizen science. By democratizing archaeology beyond just the wealthy or academia, and increasing the numbers of people who are searching, Global Xplorer can tip the balance toward preservation.

“Inverting the pyramids” also means empowering the impoverished communities that often live next to archaeological sites. Global Explorer is partnering with a sustainable preservation group that works on the ground to transform local communities with business opportunities and education that connects them with the cultural heritage being excavated near their homes.

Lastly, “inverting the pyramids” means using this new army of space archaeologists to explore not only the lives of those who lived in pyramids and palaces, but the lives of those who lived in cities and villages as well.

By acknowledging that this past is worth saving it means that we are worth saving, too, Parcak says.

Racing against criminals and battling poverty to unleash shared humanity and save the world—that sounds like just the kind of adventure our hero Indiana would have loved.

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Post-Reading Questions for Butler:

1) After reading the blog post, describe “space archaeology.”

2) Explain why space archaeology is important.

3) List some of the things citizen scientists must learn to recognize before they can effectively interpret satellite images.

4) Rephrase “invert the pyramids” in your own words, without losing the meaning given in the article.

5) Support the concept that technology such as satellite imagery used in this way actually does help us “discover our common humanity.”

Journal Question: Looting and destruction of archaeological sites is an ongoing problem for today’s researchers. After reading this article and considering the reasons local people might loot a site, draw up a plan that could help prevent these depredations without insulting or imprisoning the local populace.