22.5: Verb Tenses

You must always use a verb in every sentence you write. Verbs are parts of speech that indicate actions or states of being. The most basic sentence structure is a subject followed by a verb.

Simple Verb Tenses

Verb tenses tell the reader when the action takes place. The action could be in the past, present, or future.

Tense

Past	Present	Future
Yesterday, I jumped.	Today I jump.	Tomorrow I will jump.

Simple present verbs are used in the following situations:

1. When the action takes place now

I drink the water greedily.

2. When the action is something that happens regularly

I always cross my fingers for good luck.

3. When describing things that are generally true

College tuition is very costly.

Simple Present Conjugation

Verb	I	He/She/It	You	We	They
ask	asked	asked	asked	asked	asked
bake	baked	baked	baked	baked	baked
cook	cooked	cooked	cooked	cooked	cooked
cough	coughed	coughed	coughed	coughed	coughed
clap	clapped	clapped	clapped	clapped	clapped
dance	danced	danced	danced	danced	danced
erase	erased	erased	erased	erased	erased
kiss	kissed	kissed	kissed	kissed	kissed
push	pushed	pushed	pushed	pushed	pushed
wash	washed	washed	washed	washed	washed

When he, she, or it is doing the action in the past tense, remember to add -d or -ed to the end of regular verbs.

Simple future verbs are used when the action has not yet taken place:

• I will work late tomorrow.
• I will kiss my boyfriend when I see him.
• I will erase the board after class.

Simple Future Conjugation

Verb	I	He/She/It	You	We	They
ask	will ask	will ask	will ask	will ask	will ask
bake	will bake	will bake	will bake	will bake	will bake
cook	will cook	will cook	will cook	will cook	will cook
cough	will cough	will cough	will cough	will cough	will cough
clap	will clap	will clap	will clap	will clap	will clap
dance	will dance	will dance	will dance	will dance	will dance
erase	will erase	will erase	will erase	will erase	will erase
kiss	will kiss	will kiss	will kiss	will kiss	will kiss
push	will push	will push	will push	will push	will push
wash	will wash	will wash	will wash	will wash	will wash

Going to can also be added to the main verb to make it future tense:

• I am going to go to work tomorrow.

To Be, To Do, and To Have

There are some irregular verbs in English that are formed in special ways. The most common of these are the verbs to be, to have, and to do.

To be, to do, to have

Base Form	Present Tense Form	Past Tense Form	Future Tense Form
be	am/is/are	was/were	will be
do	do/does	do/does	will do
have	have/has	had	will have

Pro-Tip: Sing it to win it! Memorize the present tense forms of to be, to do, and to have. A song or rhythmic pattern will make them easier to memorize.

Review these examples of to be, to do, and to have used in sentences:

To be

Past: Yesterday I was angry.

Present: Today I am not angry,

Future: Tomorrow I will be angry.

To do

Past: I did my best yesterday.

Present: I do my best every day.

Future: Tomorrow I will do my best

To have

Past: Yesterday I had ten dollars.

Present: Today I have ten dollars.

Future: Tomorrow I will have ten dollars.

Remember the following uses of to be, to have, and to do:

To be

• I → am/was/will be
• you/we/they → are/were/will be
• he/she/it → is/was/will be

To have

• I/you/we/they → have/had/will have
• he/she/it → has/had/will have

To do

• I/you/we/they → do/did/will do
• he/she/it → does/did/will do

Pro-Tip: Compound Subjects Remember, if you have a compound subject like Marie and Jennifer, think of the subject as they to determine the correct verb form. Example: Marie and Jennifer (they) have a house on Bainbridge Island. Similarly, single names can be thought of as he, she, or it. Example: LeBron (he) has scored thirty points so far.

Perfect Verb Tenses

Up to this point, we have studied the three simple verb tenses—simple present, simple past, and simple future. Now we will add three more tenses, which are called perfect tenses. They are present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect. These are the three basic tenses of English. A past participle is often called the -ed form of a verb because it is formed by adding -d or -ed to the base form of regular verbs. Past participles can also end in -t or -en. Keep in mind, however, the past participle is also formed in various other ways for irregular verbs. The past participle can be used to form the present perfect tense.

Present Perfect Tense

Review the following basic formula for the present perfect tense:

Subject + has or have + past participle

I have helped

She has improved

The present perfect tense has a connection with the past and the present.

Use the present perfect tense to describe a continuing situation and to describe an action that has just happened.

I have worked as a caretaker since June.

This sentence tells us that the subject has worked as a caretaker in the past and is still working as a caretaker in the present.

Dmitri has just received an award from the Dean of Students.

This sentence tells us that Dmitri has very recently received the award. The word just emphasizes that the action happened very recently.

Past Perfect Tense

Study the following basic formula for the past perfect tense:

Subject + had or have + past participle

I had listened

He had cared

The bus had left by the time Theo arrived at the station.

Notice that both actions occurred entirely in the past, but one action occurred before the other. At some time in the past, Theo arrived (simple past tense) at the station, but at some time before that, the bus had left (past perfect).

Future Perfect Tense

Look at the following basic formula for the future perfect tense:

Subject + will have + past participle

I will have graduated

They will have arrived

The future perfect tense describes an action from the past in the future, as if the past event has already occurred. Use the future perfect tense when you anticipate completing an event in the future, but you have not completed it yet.

You will have forgotten me after you move to London.

Notice that both actions occur in the future, but one action will occur before the other. At some time in the future, the subject (you) will move (future tense) to London, and at some time after that, the subject will have forgotten (future perfect tense) the speaker, me.

Progressive Verb Tenses

Progressive verb tenses describe a continuing or unfinished action, such as I am going, I was going, or I will be going.

Present Progressive

The present progressive tense describes an action or state of being that takes place in the present and that continues to take place.

Present tense form of to be + -ing (present participle)

am/is/are help helping

You should use the present progressive tense to describe a planned activity, to describe an activity that is recurring right now, and to describe an activity that is in progress, although not actually occurring at the time of speaking:

Preeti is starting school on Tuesday.

This sentence describes a planned activity.

Janetta is getting her teeth cleaned right now.

This sentence describes an activity that is occurring right now.

I am studying ballet at school.

This sentence describes an activity that is in progress but not actually occurring at the time of speaking.

The past progressive tense describes an action or state of being that took place in the past and that continues to take place.

Past Progressive

To make verbs in the past progressive tense, combine these two parts:

Past tense form of to be + -ing (present participle)

Was / were helping

You should use the past progressive tense to describe a continuous action in the past, to describe a past activity in progress while another activity occurred, or to describe two past activities in progress at the same time:

Ella and I were planning a vacation.

This sentence describes a continuous action in the past.

I was helping a customer when I smelled delicious fried chicken.

This sentence describes a past activity in progress while another activity occurred.

While I was finishing my homework, my wife was talking on the phone.

This sentence describes two past activities in progress at the same time.

Future Progressive

The future progressive tense describes an action or state of being that will take place in the future and that will continue to take place. The action will have started at that future moment, but it will not have finished at that moment. To make verbs in the future progressive tense, combine these parts:

Future tense form of to be + -ing (present participle)

will be helping

Use the future progressive tense to describe an activity that will be in progress in the future:

Samantha and I will be dancing in the school play next week.

Tomorrow Agnes will be reading two of her poems.

Present Perfect Progressive

Similar to the present perfect tense, the present perfect progressive tense is used to indicate an action that was begun in the past and continues into the present. However, the present perfect progressive is used when you want to stress that the action is ongoing.

To make verbs in the present perfect progressive tense, combine the following parts:

Present tense from of to have + been + -ing (present participle)

has or have been helping

She has been talking for the last hour.

This sentence indicates that she started talking in the past and is continuing to talk in the present.

I have been feeling tired lately.

This sentence indicates that I started feeling tired in the past, and I continue to feel tired in the present.

Instead of indicating time, as in the first sentence, the second sentence uses the adverb lately. You can also use the adverb recently when using the present perfect progressive tense.

Past Perfect Progressive

Similar to the past perfect tense, the past perfect progressive tense is used to indicate an action that was begun in the past and continued until another time in the past. The past perfect progressive does not continue into the present but stops at a designated moment in the past.

To make verbs in the past perfect progressive tense, combine the following parts:

Past tense form of to have + been + -ing (present participle)

had been helping

The employees had been talking until their boss arrived.

This sentence indicates that the employees were talking in the past and they stopped talking when their boss arrived, which also happened in the past.

I had been working all day.

This sentence implies that I was working in the past. The action does not continue into the future, and the sentence implies that the subject stopped working for unstated reasons.

Future Perfect Progressive

The future perfect progressive tense is rarely used. It is used to indicate an action that will begin in the future and will continue until another time in the future. To make verbs in the future perfect progressive tense, combine the following parts:

Future tense of to have + been + -ing (present participle)

will have been helping

By the end of the meeting, I will have been hearing about mortgages and taxes for eight hours.

This sentence indicates that in the future I will hear about mortgages and taxes for eight hours, but it has not happened yet. It also indicates the action of hearing will continue until the end of the meeting, something that is also in the future.

Gerunds

A gerund is a form of a verb that is used as a noun. All gerunds end in -ing. Since gerunds function as nouns, they occupy places in a sentence that a noun would, such as the subject, direct object, and object of a preposition.

You can use a gerund in the following ways:

1. As a subject

Traveling is Cynthia’s favorite pastime.

2. As a direct object

I enjoy jogging.

3. As an object of a preposition.

The librarian scolded me for laughing.

Often verbs are followed by gerunds.

Gerund	Verb followed by a gerund
moving	Denise considered moving to Paris.
cleaning	I hate cleaning the bathroom.
winning	Nate imagines winning an Oscar one day.
worrying	Mom says she has stopped worrying.
taking	She admitted taking the pumpkin.

Infinitives

An infinitive is a form of a verb that comes after the word to and acts as a noun, adjective, or adverb.

To + verb = infinitive

Examples of infinitives include to move, to sleep, to look, to throw, to read, and to sneeze.

Often verbs are followed by infinitives.

Infinitive	Verb followed by an infinitive
to help	Jessica offered to help her move.
to arrive	Mick expects to arrive early.
to win	Sunita wants to win the writing contest.
to close	He forgot to close the curtains.
to eat	She likes to eat late.

You may wonder which verbs can be followed by gerunds and which verbs can be followed by infinitives. With the following verbs, you can use either a gerund or an infinitive:

Base Form of Verb	Sentences with Verbs followed by Gerunds and Infinitives
begin	John began crying. John began to cry.
hate	Marie hated talking on the phone. Marie hated to talk on the phone.
forget	Wendell forgot paying the bills. Wendell forgot to pay the bills.
like	I liked leaving messages. I liked to leave messages.
continue	He continued listening to the news. He continued to listen to the news.
start	I will start recycling immediately. I will start to recycle immediately.
try	Mikhail will try climbing the tree. Mikhail will try to climb the tree.
prefer	I prefer baking. I prefer to bake.
love	Josh loves diving. Josh loves to dive.