4.4.0: Gramática
- Page ID
- 284594
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Patrones de conjugación de los verbos irregulares en el pretérito
There are quite a few irregular preterit verbs. While that can seem overwhelming, they do follow several patterns. Review the 5 patterns below.
I. Irregular Verbs
As you might have noticed in the blog, the verbs ser and ir share the same conjugations in the preterit:
| yo fui | nosotros/as fuimos |
|---|---|
| tú/vos fuiste | vosotros/as fuisteis |
| él/ella/usted fue | ellos/ellas/ustedes fueron |
Use context to tell the two verbs apart in the preterit tense. Look at the two examples from the blog:
- Mis compañeros de viaje y yo fuimos a la playa. → You have already learned that ¨ir + a + location¨ is used to talk about where a person is going. The verb IR is used in this context.
- Fue una visita inolvidable. → You have already learned that ser is used for general descriptions. The verb SER is used in this context.
Use this chat mat as you converse with others:
Other verbs that are irregular, but do not follow any specific rules are ver and dar:
| yo vi | nosotros/as vimos |
|---|---|
| tú/vos viste | vosotros/as visteis |
| él/ella/usted vio | ellos/ellas/ustedes vieron |
| yo di | nosotros/as dimos |
|---|---|
| tú/vos diste | vosotros/as disteis |
| él/ella/usted dio | ellos/ellas/ustedes dieron |
II. Irregular Yo forms
Some verbs change their spelling in the yo form to maintain the same pattern of pronunciation:
- Verbs ending in -car: c –> qu.
Modelo:
tocar → yo toqué
Other common verbs that follow this model are:
- Buscar
- Practicar
- Tocar
- Verbs ending in -gar: g –> gu.
Modelo:
llegar → yo llegué
jugar → yo jugué
Other common verbs that follow this model are:
- Pagar
- Rogar
- Verbs ending in -zar: z –> c.
Modelo:
comenzar → yo comencé
Other common verbs that follow this model are:
- Empezar
- Almorzar
- Cruzar
III. Irregular third person forms
The following verbs change from -i to -y in the third person singular (él, ella, Ud.) and third person plural (ellos, ellas, Uds.). The rest of conjugations need a written accent on the i.
| yo leí | nosotros/as leímos |
|---|---|
| tú/vos leíste | vosotros/as leísteis |
| él/ella/usted leyó | ellos/ellas/ustedes leyeron |
| yo oí | nosotros/as oímos |
|---|---|
| tú/vos oíste | vosotros/as oísteis |
| él/ella/usted oyó | ellos/ellas/ustedes oyeron |
| yo creí | nosotros/as creímos |
|---|---|
| tú/vos creíste | vosotros/as creísteis |
| él/ella/usted creyó | ellos/ellas/ustedes creyeron |
IV. Stem changing verbs
Remember stem-changing verbs? We learned about them in Unidad 2 - do you remember verbs that had stem changes inside the boot? In this section you will learn a few rules about stem changes in the preterit tense.
Only -ir verbs stem change in the preterit.
-Ar and -er present tense stem changers maintain their original stem in the preterit. In other words, they do not stem change in the preterit tense - take a look at a few examples:
|
Infinitivo |
Presente (stem changes in -ar and -er verbs) |
Pretérito (no stem changes in -ar and -er verbs) |
| acostarse | yo me acuesto | yo me acosté |
| volver | él vuelve | él volvió |
In the preterit tense of -ir verbs, only the third person singular and plural stem change (el/ella/usted and ellos/ellas/ustedes) - changes occur inside the sandal.
Stem changers go from e to i, or from o to u, regardless of their vowel change in present tense.
Modelo:
e → i
Common verbs that follow this model are:
- Servir (serví, serviste, sirvió, servimos, servisteis, sirvieron)
- Preferir
- Repetir
- Seguir
- Sentirse
- Vestirse
o → u
Common verbs that follow this model are:
- Dormir (dormí, dormiste, durmió, dormimos, dormisteis, durmieron)
- Morir
V. Strong Preterits
Completely irregular verbs in the preterit are also called strong preterits. They can be grouped by the letters they use to aid in memorization.
| I Group | V Group |
|---|---|
|
|
| J Group | U Group |
|
|
Even though they are irregular, you will notice that all of the strong preterits listed above follow a pattern with the same endings:
| e | imos |
| iste | isteis |
| o |
ieron *the J group ends in "eron" |