1.4.0: Gramática
- Page ID
- 284259
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)I. Los comparativos
Let’s start by focusing on how Rachel talks about Juan’s and Amy’s classes in the following sentence: “Ella tiene más clases que tú.”
In this statement, Rachel is comparing the number of classes that Juan and Amy are taking, and she is saying that Amy has more classes than Juan. This is a comparison, and, in order to express it, we use a comparative o comparativo en español.
We use comparativos to compare quantities (when we compare more or less than), qualities (when we try to establish the similarities and differences between two things), and frequency (when we compare two actions).
Hay tres tipos de comparativos en español: superioridad (>), inferioridad (<) e igualdad (=). Let’s go through each of them and learn more about their uses.
A. Superioridad (>)
To say that something is more than something else, you will use más and que.
- For qualities and quantities, you will compare the two subjects using: Más + noun/adjective/adverb + que
Modelo:
- Ella tiene más clases que tú. (noun)
- La clase de español es más difícil que la clase de anatomía. (adjective)
- Amy estudia más frecuentemente que Juan. (adverb)
- For frequency or intensity, you will use: Verb + más + que
Modelo:
- Amy estudia más que Juan.
- Raquel trabaja más que Jorge.
- Spanish has two irregular forms to express “better than” and “less than”.
When you want to express “…better than…” instead of saying “más bien” or “más bueno,” which are incorrect in Standard Spanish, you will use mejor.
Modelo:
- Mi hermana habla francés mejor que yo.
- El equipo de fútbol femenino de los Estados Unidos es mejor que el equipo de Argentina.
When you want to express “…worse than…” instead of saying “más malo” or “más mal,” which are incorrect in Standard Spanish, you will use peor.
Modelo:
- Mi hermano habla inglés peor que yo.
- La contaminación de los mares es peor que la falta de petróleo (lack of oil).
B. Inferioridad (<)
To say that something is less than something else, you will use menos and que.
- For qualities and quantities, you will compare the two subjects using: Menos + noun/adjective/adverb + que
Modelo:
- Juan tiene menos clases que Amy. (noun)
- La clase de anatomía es menos difícil que la clase de español. (adjective)
- Juan estudia menos frecuentemente que Rachel. (adverb)
- For frequency or intensity, you will use: Verb + menos + que
Modelo:
- Juan estudia menos que Amy.
- Stephanie trabaja menos que María.
C. Igualdad (=)
To say that something is the same as something else, you will use tan/tanto/tanta/ tantos/tantas and como. This structure is a bit more complex, so let’s pay attention to the differences that exist when we use it with adjectives and adverbs or nouns.
- With adjectives and adverbs, you will use: tan + adjective or adverb + como
Modelo:
- La clase de español es tan fácil como la clase de anatomía. (adjective)
- Rachel estudia tan frecuentemente como Amy. (adverb)
- When you use this structure with nouns, you will need to choose the form that matches the number (singular or plural) and gender (feminine or masculine) of the noun it modifies. Have a look at these examples, and try to come up with a simplified rule.
Modelo:
- Tengo tanto trabajo como tú.
- Tengo tanta tarea como Juan.
- Amy necesita tantos libros como su amiga Claire.
- Rachel toma tantas clases como Juan.
tanto |
+ |
noun (masculine, singular) |
+ |
como |
---|---|---|---|---|
tanta | noun (feminine, singular) | |||
tantos | noun (masculine, plural) | |||
tantas | noun (feminine, plural) |
- With verbs, whether they are singular or plural, you will use: Verb + tanto como
Modelo:
- Rachel estudia tanto como Amy.
- Sara trabaja tanto como George.
II. El superlativo
Let’s start by focusing on how Juan talks about his Spanish grammar class in the following sentence: “La clase de gramática española con el profesor Robles es la más difícil de todas.”
In this statement, Juan is comparing his Spanish grammar class to the rest of his classes (i.e, to a group). In order to do so, he is using a superlative (en español, un superlativo).
Superlatives are used to express the highest quality or degree of a thing, person, action, etc.
To express the most/ least, you use the following equation: el/la/los/las + (noun) + más/menos + adjective + de
Notice that the definite article is needed, and, therefore, it has to agree in number and gender with the noun it modifies.
Modelo:
- La clase de gramática española es la (clase) más difícil de todas mis clases.
- El autobús es la forma de transporte menos cara de la ciudad.
When you want to talk about the best or worst, we do not use “más” or “menos”. Instead, we use “mejor” and “peor,” and you modify their form to match the number of the noun they modify. Have a look at the following examples:
- For best: El/la/los/las + mejor / mejores + noun + de
Modelo:
- El español es la mejor materia de mi semestre.
- Rachel y Amy son las mejores amigas de Juan.
- El instructor Robles es el mejor profesor de español.
- Esta universidad tiene los mejores estudiantes de Tejas.
- For worst: El/la/los/las + peor / peores + noun + de
Modelo:
- La trigonometría es la peor materia de mi semestre.
- Las tareas de mis clases este semestre son las peores tareas de mi carrera de estudiante.
- Este restaurante tiene el peor servicio de la ciudad.
- El cambio climático y la contaminación son los peores problemas del mundo actual.