Index of Subjects and Names

Italic page references are to definitions.
Italicized terms or phrases followed by a degree symbol identify
a generic role served (or fulfilled) by terms
or phrases specific to the religious tradition to which they are applied;
they function as variables substituting
for a specific tradition's terms or phrases.

Academic study of religion, 3-4, 18-19
Alternative medicine, 98
Anamnesis, 54, 360, 3 79
Animistic folk religion, 60
Archetype (or archetypal form), 53,
69, 84n, 133, 342, 3 79; examples of, 54
Aristotle, 103, 123, 124, 129, 142, 268
Art as religion, 97
Ascetic practices, 6.3-{)5, 92-93, 98, 199-200, 234-236,
243-244, 247-255, 319, 320-321, 331, 357
At-onement, 25, 379
Attending from/to, 34, 47n
Awareness, focal/subsidiary, 35, 47n

Balance of divergent forces, 122-124,
141n-142n, 379; examples, 133-138
Bias: in categories, 21; in more easily empathizing
with favored way of being religious, 50-51, 75;
in stereotypical preconceptions, xi, 116--119
Blindered men and elephant, 5-7, 11-12, 13-14
Blind men and elephant, 5 Business as religion, 151

Canon, 33, 379; canonical scripture, 33
Catholic traditions, 40, 95, 108-109, 379;
examples of, 73, 95, 108-109, 150, 189, 196--197
Celestial Seasonings quote, 22, 52
Civil disobedience, 283, 287, 288
Civil religion, 96--97, 150, 161n
Common sense (religious), 41-42,
116, 120-121, 380,
a basis for achieving practical wisdom, 42, 152, 158;
basis of evaluative judgment, 116--130, 139, 146, 158-159, 370;
bibliography of commonsense evaluation
of religious practice,
141; independence from
theological" considerations, 41;
moderating agent within religions, 151, 158;
a way of avoiding the is-ought fallacy, 129-130
Competence/incompetence, 122, 380; examples, 133-138
Cross-cultural categories, need for, 3-4

Definition of religion, problem of, 24, 25, 46n
Deism, 83n
Devotion, way of, 12, 57-59, 380,
bibliography, 80-81, 315-316; correlated social structures, 59;
existential need or motivation for, 29-30, 58-59;
hermeneutic of, 58; virtues and vices, 59, 135;
for examples, see specific religious traditions,
for extended examples, see
Billy Graham and Evangelical Piety, 305-312, and
Shinran and Pure Land Devotion, 297-305
Dialogue (inter-religious), xi-xii, 12, 121, 149, 153, 371, 375;
bibliography on, 377-378;
Buddhist-Christian dialogue, 121, 141n,
149, 160n-161n, 279n, 371, 375, 378n
Dialogue (intra-religious or ecumenical), 12, 153
Differences between religions, xii, 22, 31-32, 34, 371-375

Egoism, the problem of, 126--127, 142n143n,
215, 373, 378n; examples 133-138
Egoism/selflessness. See
Selflesssness/egoism
Eliade, Mircea, 4, 19, 45n, 79, 83n--84n
Empathetic objectivity, 19, 380
Empathy, 19-20, 380;
analogy with acting in a drama, 19;
easier to empathize with favored way
of being religious, 50-51;
empathetic acquaintance the basis for
Empathy (cont.)
discriminating judgment,
xiii, 115-116; fused with objectivity, xi,
17-21, 43, 128--130;
test for success 19-20, 156
Enlightenment (European) idea of religion, 83n, 209
Ethics, religious, as an expression of
religious common sense, 130-131, 152
Ethics, religious, as expression of
way of right action, 152, 162n
Evaluation, commonsense, of religious practice,
116-117, 139, 146, 152, 162n;
bibliography, 141, 162n;
relation to norms specific to
a tradition, 119-121, 168--169
Evil. See Problem of meaning
Existential predicament (or existential problem),
31, 380; see also
Motivation, religious/existential, and
Problematic situation
Exorcism, 218, 322, 323-324,
324-325, 331, 332, 334-336

Face^o (of Ultimate Reality^o), 58, 372;
see also Ultimate Reality^o, aspects highlighted
Fallacy of misplaced concreteness, 50;
examples of, 64-65, 76, 83n-84n, 154-159
Feuerbach, Ludwig, 84n
Finitude, vice of, 124, 380-381; examples, 133-138
Formation, spiritual, 152, 163n
Freud, Sigmund, 84n, 98

Gandhi, Mohandas, 283, 287 Geertz, Clifford,
23, 27-29, 34, 45, 46n, 47n,48n
Generic categories: of a commonsense, criteriological nature,
120-121; consistency with Buddhist antimetaphysical concerns, 46n;
constituting a basis for religious common sense, 42; correlative to
ways of being religious, 41-42; distinct from what characterizes
specific symbol systems, 23, 39, 75, 154-155, 156-157, 371;
importance of keeping distinct from specific theological^o
considerations, 83n-84n, 154-155, 156-157, 158, 372-373;
nature, 10-11, 20-21, 39, 49-50, 75;
neutrality, 10-11, 20-21, 23, 46n
God, 8, 15n, 111n, 191, 219, 220, 242, 270-275, 279n

Healing ("supernatural"), 60, 61, 63, 136, 218, 322, 324-325, 331-334
Hegel, G. W. F., 151, 270
Heresy, heretical practice, 119, 381
Hermeneutic (or hermeneutical orientation), 36, 68, 381;
application to interpretation of Buddhist and Christian scriptures, 217-218;
distinctive for each way of being religious, 40, 68--70; of sacred rite, 54;
table of hermeneutical orientations, 69-70
Historical studies: need for more than, xii, 3-4;
needed by phenomenological study, xii, 155-157
Hume, David, 129

Incompetence/competence. See Competence/incompetence
Infinitude, vice of, 124, 381; examples, 133-138
Insider, being an, 34-36 Interpretation: of system of symbols, 33-34;
varying with generic way of being religious, 36-37, 68--70;
varying with quality of motivation and practice, 37-39; see also Hermeneutic
Is-ought fallacy, 129

Jung, Carl, 84n
Justice, doing to religious phenomena, xi, 20, 43

Kristensen, W. Brede, 19, 45n
Kung, Hans, x, xivn, 28, 34, 38, 47n, 48n, 130-131, 143n

Magic, black, 136
Maoism as religion, 150
Marx, Karl, 84n, 98, 151
Marxism as religion, 150
Meaning, and Buddhist anti-metaphysical concerns, 46n;
see also Problem of meaning
Meditation, 63-65, 93, 98, 171-172, 176-178, 181, 195, 203;
for extended examples, see Satipatthana
method of meditation, 233-242, and
The Prayer of the Heart method of meditation, 243-256
Mimesis, 54, 381
Modem (scientific) world view, 60
Monk, monasticism, 4o-41, 64; see also
Monasticism under specific traditions
Moral prophet, 40, 57, 381
Moral sage, 40, 57, 381
Moral teacher, 40, 57, 122, 381
Motivation, religious/existential, 26-31, 95-96;
chart of existential needs, 69-70;
possible correlation with personality types, 73-74;
relation to ways of being religious, 29-31, 40
Mi.iller, Friederich Max, 7
Music as religion, 97, 98, 112n, 151, 161n
Mystic, 40, 64, 63, 381
Mystical experience: relation to way of mystical quest, 63, 101, 137, 235;
whether mystical experience is symbolically mediated, 47n, 64-65
Mysticism, 4-5, 11-12; misconceptions of, 83n, 147
Mystical quest, way of, 11-12, 63-65, 381-382;
bibliography, 81-82, 259-260; correlated social structures, 64;
existential need or motivation for, 29-30, 63-64; hermeneutic of, 63;
relation to way of shamanic mediation, 63, 64;
virtues and vices, 65, 136; for examples, see specific religious traditions;
see also Satipatthana method of meditation, 233-242, and
The Prayer of the Heart method of meditation, 243-256
Myths, 32, 54

Natural religion, 83n
Neutrality (suspension of judgment, epoche):
need for neutral categories, 3-4, 10-11, 20, 45n-46n;
for the sake of doing justice, 20; temporary neutrality for
the sake of discriminating judgment, 115-116, 128, 143n
Nietzsche, Frederich, 98
Non-traditional religious phenomena, 95-99, 148, 150-151, 161n
Objectivity, 17-18, 129, 382;
appropriate notion of as drawing near to do justice, 19, 129;
fused with empathy, xi, 17-21, 43;
inappropriate notion of as distancing, 17-18, 128-129
Orthodoxy, 33
Orthopraxy, 33
Other world^o, See World, other^o

Pastor, 40, 59, 122, 382
Personal vs. institutional religion, 117, 141n, 148
Personality types, 73-74, 152, 162n-163n, 373
Plato, 103, 148, 151, 262
Plotinus, 151
Popular culture, religion in, 97-99 Preacher, 40, 59, 382
Phenomenology (of Religion), 19, 23, 43, 45n, 154-155, 156, 382;
relation to evaluative judgment, xiii, 127-130, 139
Philosophical inquiry as religious, 151, 162n
Philosophy as religion, 99, 151, 162n
Philosophy of religion, in light of ways of
being religious, xii-xiii,151
Polanyi, Michael, 47n; use of ideas of, 34-35
Presentative symbol, 36, 52, 382
Priest, priestess, 40, 54, 122, 382
Problematic situation, 31, 383; see also
Existential predicament
Problem of meaning, 27, 383; aspects of,
differentiating ways of being religious, 40;
aspects of diagrammed, 30;
consistency with Buddhist anti-metaphysical
concerns, 46n; general discussion of, 26-31
Prophet-oracle, 40
Psychology of religion, 152, 161n
Psychotherapy as religion, 151, 161n

Quality in practice (of ways of being religious), 115, 119, 383;
be wary of in generalizing, 116-119, 168-169;
different for each way of being religious, 127;
distinction between generic,
commonsense criteria and criteria specific to traditions, 119-121, 130, 132;
justification for treating in phenomenology of religion, 127-132;
parameters of assessment, 121-127;
recognition a matter of religious common sense, 42, 129-130;
shaping interpretation of system of symbols, 37-39

Reason, 67, 70, 138
Reasoned inquiry, way of, 65, 68, 383;
bibliography, 82, 277-278; correlated social structures, 68;
existential need or motivation for, 29-30, 65;
hermeneutic of, 66; virtues and vices, 68, 138;
for examples, see specific religious traditions;
for extended examples, see
Anselm's Faith Seeking Understanding, 267-275, and
Nagasena Replies to the Questions of King Milinda, 262-267
Reductive generalization, 4-5, 11-12, 83n-84n, 147, 167-168
Religion, 22, 24, 43, 383; general characterization, 21-26;
importance of social and cultural context, 25-26; multiple functions of, 24;
not knowable from a single perspective, 7-8; universality of, 24-25
Religious function, 22, 24, 370, 371, 372, 383;
relation to the problem of meaning, 26--31
Religious phenomenon, 21, 24, 383; miscellaneous examples, 21
Right action, way of, 5~57, 383; bibliography, 79-80, 293-294;
correlated social structures, 57; existential need or motivation for, 29-30, 56-57;
hermeneutic of, 56; virtues and vices, 57, 134; for examples,
see specific religious traditions, for extended examples, see
Catholic Worker Movement, 286--291, and
Sarvodaya Movement in Sri Lanka, 282-285
Rite(= ritual), 51, 383; examples of, 51; functions of, 51-52; see also Sacramental ritual

Sacramental ritual, 52, 106, 107, 341-342, 343, 374, 383-384;
for examples, see way of sacred rite
under specific religious traditions
Sacramental symbol, 52, 383-384
Sacred, 52, 154, 384
Sacred rite, way of, 51-55, 384;
bibliography, 79, 364-366;
correlated social structures, 54-55;
existential need or motivation for, 29-30, 53;
hermeneutic of, 54; virtues and vices, 55, 133;
for examples,
see specific religious traditions,
for extended examples, see
Orthodox Divine Liturgy, 353-362, a n d
Rinzai Zen Tea Ceremony, 343-353
Sacrifice, 88, 101, 360-361, 366n-367n
Sage, 40, 68, 384
Santayana, George, 32, 47n
Science as religion, 99, 151
Sectarian tradition, 107, 119, 384
Secular religious phenomena, 95-99
Self, problem of. See Egoism, the problem of
Selflessness/egoism, 125, 127,
142n-143n, 373, 384; examples, 132-138
Shadow side (of specific ways of being religious), 132-138
Shaman, 38, 40, 60, 122, 384
Shamanic mediation, way of, 60-63, 384-385;
bibliography, 81, 339-340;
correlated social structures, 61;
distinct from "spiritual technology," 60;
existential need or motivation for, 29-30, 60;
hermeneutic of, 60-61;
relation to the deep imagination, 61;
virtues and vices, 61-62, 136;
for examples, see specific religious traditions,
for extended examples, see
Healing and Exorcism in a Charismatic Community, 326--336, and
Healing and Exorcism in Japanese Shugendo, 319-326
Shamanism, 149; misconceptions of, 83n;
modern prejudice against, 60
Social structures correlated with ways
of being religious, 40-41
Socrates, 262
Sorcery, 136, 318
Spiritual director (or spiritual master,
or meditation master), 64, 122, 233, 234, 243,385
Spiritual discernment (in way of shamanic mediation), 61-62
Sport as religion, 151
Stereotypical conceptions of religious prac-
tices, 116--119; partial truth of, 118;
means of overcoming, 118-119
Stories, religious 32-33, 54
Storyteller, 59, 40, 382
Streng, Frederick, xiii, xiv, 45, 46n, 79,
80,81,82,84n, 161n, 163n, 229n
"Supernatural," 10, 15n, 60, 70, 85n
Symbol (religious), 31, 385;
meaning opaque/translucent/transparent, 35;
nature invites multiple readings, 33;
presentative 36; twofold function, 23
Symbolic mediation of religious experience, 32, 47n
Syncretism, 104, 105, 385
System of symbols, 31-32,
43, 385;
distinct from interpretations, 33-34;
as the fundamental context for the meaning of
religious terms, 83n-84n, 154-155, 215-216;
general discussion of, 31-34;
how it makes an insider an insider, 34-36;
idea of a core system of symbols, 32-34;
interpreted differently in terms of way of being religious,
36-37, 99, 156-157;
locus of a traditions-specific archetypes, 54;
non-conventionally religious, 96;
as principal defining characteristic of a religion,
34, 43; relation to religion, 24

Theologian°, 40, 68,
122, 385
Theological^o, 50, 108,
151, 156, 157, 158, 371, 385
Theologizing with the framework, impropriety of,
154, 157, 158, 371
Theology^o, 68, 151, 385-386
Threshold (of a system of symbols), 35, 386
Threshold effect, 35-36, 386;
relevance to phenomenological,
empathetic understanding, 47n-48n
Tradition, religious: continuity through change, 33-34;
defined by a system of symbols, 31-32
Trance, 61, 320, 322-323
Truth, 66, 70, 98--99, 138, 374-375

Ultimate reality, 22-23, 43, 372-373, 386;
example conceptions of, 22;
chart of aspects highlighted by
different ways of being religious, 69-70
Universals, problem of, 154

Virtue and Vice (in practice of a way of being religious),
121, 386;
examples, 55, 57, 59, 61-62, 65, 68, 122, 124-125, 126,
133-138; need to recognize, 118--119;
recognition based on religious common sense 42;
shaping interpretation, 38--39; types of, 121-127;
varies with way of being religious, 41

Way of being religious (generically understood),
39, 50, 386;
as abstract, generic type, 39, 49-50, 75, 154;
correlation with aspects of
ultimate reality, 69-70;
correlation with existential needs, 29-31, 69-70;
differentiated in terms of five factors, 40-41;
distinguished from specific theological'
considerations, 50, 76, 83n-84n, 154, 157, 158;
distinguished from what differentiates
religions, 39, 49-50, 76, 371;
distinguishing focus of each, 50;
generic features of, 39-41;
hermeneutic orientation, 36-37, 68--70;
relat!on to religious beliefs, 49-50;
as universal option for carrying on religious life, 39, 41;
virtues and vices, 41, 121-127
Ways of being religious (the framework): as abstract,
generic typology, 39, 49-50, 75, 154, 156-157;
additional ways, 76; advantages, 11-12, 145-153;
aid to self knowledge, 145-146; application, 74-76;
application tips, 13, 21, 49-51, 74-76, 85n, 88,
132, 147-150, 153-159, 167-169, 214-216;
categories revisable, 21, 85n, 155; chief purposes of, x-xii;
correlation with personality types, 73-74,
152, 162n-163n; diagrammed, 11, 71;
exhaustiveness of framework, 76, 157; a hypothesis, x-xi, 41;
introduced, 5-12; liabilities, 153-159;
misapplications, 76, 153-159; relation to differentiated/
compact societies, 71-72, 87, 103;
relation to religious common sense: see
Common sense (religious);
relation to social and cultural studies,
25-26, 154-155, 156-157, 157-158;
relations of ways with each other (abstract),
71-74; relevance to inter-religious dialogue, 12, 121, 149, 153;
relevance to intra-religious (ecumenical) dialogue, 12, 153;
theologizing with the framework, impropriety of 154, 157, 158, 371
Ways of being religious (individually considered):
combinations and fusions, 106-107, 168;
correlation with personality types, 73-74, 373;
definitions (of specific ways), 51-70,
differentiation, 71-72, 87, 103;
distinguishing focus of each, 50; example caricatures, 116-118;
exclusions, 107-108; existential needs, correlation with, 29-31;
hermeneutic orientations, 36-37, 68--70; inclusion, 108-109;
motivations, correlation with, 29-31, 40;
oppositional pairings, 72-73, 125, 152;
prioritizing, 99-103; relations with each other (concrete),
87, 99-110; shadow side, 132-138;
"syncretism" 104-105; tentative, revisable formulations, 85n;
virtues and vices, 133-138
Weber, Max, 27
Whitehead, Alfred North, 50, 84n
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 151

World, other^o, 35, 387;
context of religious activity, 35-36;
to have a religion is to have another world to live in, 31-32;
"place" of sacramental rituals, 52; relation to archetypes in
way of sacred rite, 53; relation to shamanic mediation, 61;
relation to way of right action, 55;
relation to ways of being religious, 39