2.6: Footnotes
- Page ID
- 374962
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- If/then propositions like the first premise are called “conditional” propositions. The A part is the so-called “antecedent” of the conditional. The second premise denies it. More use of this kind of vocabulary in Chapter 4. ↵
- Many of the fallacies have Latin names, because, as we noted, identifying the fallacies has been an occupation of logicians since ancient times, and because ancient and medieval work comes down to us in Latin, which was the language of scholarship in the West for centuries ↵
- In Latin, ‘baculus’ refers to a stick or a club, which you could clobber someone with, presumably. ↵
- International Action Center, Feb. 4 2005, http://iacenter.org/folder06/stateoftheunion.htm ↵
- People often offer red herring arguments unintentionally, without the subtle deceptive motivation to change the subject—usually because they’re just parroting a red herring argument they heard from someone else. Sometimes a person’s response will be off-topic, apparently because they weren’t listening to their interlocutor or they’re confused for some reason. I prefer to label such responses as instances of Missing the Point (Ignoratio Elenchi), a fallacy that some books discuss at length, but which I’ve just relegated to a footnote. ↵
- Marquette Tribune, 11/11/92 ↵
- Comparing your opponent to Hitler—or the Nazis—is quite common. Some clever folks came up with a fake-Latin term for the tactic: Argumentum ad Nazium (cf. the real Latin phrase, ad nauseum—to the point of nausea). Such comparisons are so common that author Mike Godwin formulated “Godwin's Law of Nazi Analogies: As an online discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler approaches one.” (“Meme, Counter-meme”, Wired, 10/1/94) ↵
- David French, National Review, 2/14/16 ↵
- And, in fact, Fahrentold subsequently performed and documented (in the Washington Post on 9/12/16) a rather exhaustive unsuccessful search for evidence of charitable giving, providing strong support for the conclusion that Trump didn’t give as he’d claimed. ↵
- Check it out: https://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/ ↵
- That’s Dirty Harry’s gun, “the most powerful handgun in the world.” ↵
- The hope was to push down interest rates on mortgages and government debt, encouraging people to buy houses and spend money instead of saving it—thus stimulating the economy. ↵
- It’s obviously a bit more complicated than that, but that’s the essence of it. ↵
- Art Laffer, “Get Ready for Inflation and Higher Interest Rates,” June 11, 2009, Wall Street Journal ↵
- “But if current prices are not downwardly flexible, and the public expects price stability in the long run, the economy cannot get the expected inflation it needs; and in that situation the economy finds itself in a slump against which shortrun monetary expansion, no matter how large, is ineffective.” From Paul Krugman, "It's baack: Japan's Slump and the Return of the Liquidity Trap," 1998, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2 ↵
- Paul Krugman, June 13, 2009, The New York Times ↵
- This is a classic example, from Richard Whately’s 1826 Elements of Logic ↵
- Though it’s valid! P, therefore P is a valid form: if the premise is true, the conclusion must be; they’re the same ↵
- 9 Let’s face it, South Carolina has more racists than the average state. That’s just a demographic fact. ↵
- Dani Rodrik, “A Progressive Logic of Trade,” Project Syndicate, 4/13/2016 ↵
- Kodos: “I am Clin-ton. As overlord, all will kneel trembling before me and obey my brutal command. End communication. ↵
- I admit it: I teared up a bit; I’m not ashamed. ↵
- Or worse, the endnotes: people have to flip all the way to the back to see those. ↵
- Greek word, meaning ‘same name’ ↵
- Greek word, meaning ‘many signs (or meanings)’ ↵
- From the Oxford English Dictionary ↵
- See his Studies in the Way of Words, 1989, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ↵
- Bronston v. United States, 409 US 352 - Supreme Court 1973 ↵
- The court didn’t use the term ‘implicature’ in its ruling, but this was the thrust of their argument. ↵
- Frank Luntz, 2007, Words That Work: It’s Not What You Say, It’s What People Hear. New York: Hyperion ↵
- See, e.g., his 2004 book, Don’t Think of an Elephant!, White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing. ↵
- 2 George Lakoff, 2/14/2006, “Simple Framing,” Rockridge Institute. ↵
- David Brooks, 4/14/15, New York Times ↵
- Christian Schneider, 7/14/16, Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel ↵
- John Stossel, 10/2/13, foxnews.com ↵
- Donald J. Trump, accepting the Republican Party’s nomination for president, 7/21/16 ↵
- 3/8/16, The Daily Caller ↵
- 3/31/16, “Conservative Group Claims Disney, Apple & Others ‘Declared Public War’ On Christianity,” The Huffington Post, huffingtonpost.com ↵
- Jeff Donn, 8/2/16, “Medical benefits of dental floss unproven,” Associated Press ↵
- Onan Coca, http://eaglerising.com/17782/hillary...ause-abortion/ ↵
- Website: Trace Amounts – Autism, Mercury, and the Hidden Truth (traceamounts.com)