7.2: Jazz
- Page ID
- 310504
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Rising during the early 20th century, Jazz was the first American music style and a major contribution to the musical world. It drew its origins from the African traditions as well as popular music of the U.S. African American ceremonial and work songs were early influences and it relied heavily upon call-and-response singing.
The development of jazz music went through many stages. Ragtime was a precursor to Jazz that developed from the African American piano style that was characterized by syncopated melodies. Scott Joplin, who was often considered the “king of ragtime” was the first African-American composer to receive international attention and fame. He is most remembered for his piano rags such as Maple Leaf Rag.
Louis Armstrong was one of the great early jazz musicians as a trumpeter and singer. He introduced scat singing (using syllables to sound like an instrument –but no meaning). He was associated with New Orleans Jazz (Dixieland) that used small ensembles in which players improvised simultaneously. Blues is a simple, repetitive form and is considered to be a fundamental form of jazz. It originated as a combination of elements from ragtime, blues, spirituals, and work songs. A typical blues has a few lines of text that has
been set to a repeating harmonic pattern of twelve or sixteen measures (often known as 12-bar blues). Improvisation was extremely important.
The Swing Era (or Big Band Era) started in the 1930’s and lasted through WWII. It was characterized by large ensembles featuring trumpets, trombones, saxophones (and other woodwinds), and rhythm instruments (piano, bass, drums, and guitar). Some of the great band leaders and musicians of the time included Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Glenn Miller, Gene Krupa, Count Basie, and Ella Fitzgerald. Late in the 1940’s other styles started to emerge such as bebop and cool jazz. Bebop (also known as bop) returned to smaller ensembles with longer and more frequent soloing. Popular musicians included Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, and Thelonious Monk. Other musicians were active in multiple styles such as Miles Davis, who was known for Bebop and Cool Jazz (a more mellow and subdued style). Free jazz emerged in the 1960’s and was a very experimental form that was never really well accepted by audiences due to the unusual approaches.
Musicians: Louis Armstrong, Ella Fitzgerald, Duke Ellington, Scott Joplin, Miles Davis
Terms: call-and–response, ragtime, syncopated, scat singing, blues