7.13: La donna e mobile

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As you read this page on this aria from Verdi’s Rigoletto, pay particular attention to the information on the theme and the form of the piece.

Introduction

“La donna è mobile” (The woman is fickle) is the Duke of Mantua’s canzone from the beginning of act 3 of Giuseppe Verdi’s opera Rigoletto(1851). The inherent irony is that the Duke, a callous playboy, is the one who is mobile (“inconstant”). Its reprise towards the end of the opera is chilling, as Rigoletto realizes from the sound of the Duke’s lively voice coming from within the tavern (offstage), that the body in the sack over which he has grimly triumphed is not that of the Duke after all: Rigoletto had paid Sparafucile, an assassin, to kill the Duke but Sparafucile deceived him by killing Gilda, Rigoletto’s beloved daughter, instead.

The canzone is famous as a showcase for tenors. Raffaele Mirate’s performance of the bravura aria at the opera’s 1851 premiere was hailed as the highlight of the evening. Before its first public performance (in Venice), it was rehearsed under tight secrecy: a necessary precaution, because it proved to be catchy and soon after its first public performance every gondolier in Venice was singing it.

The Music

The almost comical-sounding theme of “La donna è mobile” is introduced immediately, and runs as illustrated (transposed from the original key of B major). The theme is repeated several times in the approximately two to three minutes it takes to perform the aria, but with the important—and obvious—omission of the last bar. This has the effect of driving the music forward as it creates the impression of being incomplete and unresolved, which it is, ending not on the tonic or dominant but on the submediant. Once the Duke has finished singing, however, the theme is once again repeated; but this time it includes the last, and conclusive, bar and finally resolving to the tonic. The song is strophic in form with an orchestral ritornello.

Figure 1. Theme (transposed down by a major third)

Libretto

Italian	Prosaic translation	Poetic translation
1. La donna è mobile Qual piuma al vento, muta d’accento e di pensiero. Sempre un amabile, leggiadro viso, in pianto o in riso, è menzognero. Refrain La donna è mobil’. Qual piuma al vento, muta d’accento e di pensier’! 2. È sempre misero chi a lei s’affida, chi le confida mal cauto il cuore! Pur mai non sentesi felice appieno chi su quel seno non liba amore! Refrain La donna è mobil’ Qual piuma al vento, muta d’accento e di pensier’!	Woman is flighty. Like a feather in the wind, she changes in voice and in thought. Always a lovely, pretty face, in tears or in laughter, it’s untrue. Refrain Woman is flighty. like a feather in the wind, she changes in voice and in thought! Always miserable is he who trusts her, he who confides in her his unwary heart! Yet one never feels fully happy who from that bosom does not drink love! Refrain Woman is flighty. Like a feather in the wind, she changes her words, and her thoughts!	Plume in the summerwind Waywardly playing Ne’er one way swaying Each whim obeying; Thus heart of womankind Ev’ry way bendeth, Woe who dependeth On joy she spendeth! Refrain Yes, heart of woman Ev’ry way bendeth Woe who dependeth On joy she spends. Sorrow and misery Follow her smiling, Fond hearts beguiling, falsehood assoiling! Yet all felicity Is her bestowing, No joy worth knowing Is there but wooing. Refrain Yes, heart of woman Ev’ry way bendeth Woe who dependeth On joy she spends.

Contributors and Attributions

Authored by: Elliott Jones. Provided by: Santa Ana College. Located at: http://www.sac.edu. License: CC BY: Attribution