9.2: Unità 9 - Grammatica
- Page ID
- 317824
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Superlativi relativi e assoluti
OBSERVE
La pizza è più buona della pasta. (Pizza is better than pasta)
La pizza è il più buono dei cibi italiani. (Pizza is the best of Italian dishes)
La pizza è buonissima. (Pizza is very good)
REFLECT
In the first example, “la pizza è più buona della pasta”, we are comparing two objects – this is a comparativo di maggioranza, which you already know how to form. In the second example, “la pizza è il più buono dei cibi italiani”, we are comparing one object (“la pizza”) with the group of objects to which it belongs (all the other Italian dishes). This is called a superlativo relativo, because it tells us where pizza stands relative to other kinds of food. In the third example, “pizza” is beyond comparison – it’s the best of all things; it’s simply very good. This is called superlativo assoluto.
REMEMBER
Superlativo relativo
How to form il superlativo relativo:
| La pizza è | il | più buono | dei | cibi italiani |
| article | più / meno + adjective | preposizione articolata (di+ i) | comparison group |
If the comparison group is plural, the gender of the article and the adjective should match the gender of the comparison group. Sometimes the comparison group can be a singular collective name (typically “del mondo”). In this case, the gender of the article and the adjective should match the gender of the subject. For example:
- Marco è il peggiore della classe. (Marco is the worst of the class)
- Martina è la più divertente del mondo. (Martina is the funniest in the world)
Superlativo assoluto
To form il superlativo assoluto, add -issimo/-issima/-issimi/-issime to an adjective:
- Felice (happy) > felic- > felicissimo / felicissima / felicissimi / felicissime (very happy – the happiest)
- Bello (beautiful) > bell- > bellissimo / bellissima / bellissimi / bellissime (the most beautiful)
Remember that the gender and number should match the gender and number of the noun! For example:
- Abdul è intelligentissimo. (Abdul is the smartest)
- Annalise è divertentissima. (Annalise is the funniest)
- Abdul e Annalise sono bravissimi. (Abdul and Annalise are the best)
Special cases
Some adjectives have irregular forms of the superlativo relativo and assoluto, in addition to the regular forms:
| Superlativo relativo | Superlativo assoluto | |
| buono / good | il/la migliore | ottimo |
| cattivo / bad | il / la peggiore | pessimo |
| grande / big | il /la maggiore | massimo |
| piccolo / small | il / la minore | minimo |
The superlative and comparative forms of irregular adverbs are the same:
| Adverbs | Irregular superlative adverbs |
| bene (well) | meglio (best) |
| male (badly) | peggio (worst) |
Consider these examples:
- Questa bicicletta è migliore di quella. (comparative)
- Questa bicicletta è la migliore! (superlative)
- Paolo guida peggio di me. (comparative)
- Paolo guida peggio di tutti! (superlative)
Il passato prossimo
OBSERVE
Ieri Mirko è andato al mare. (Yesterday, Mirko went to the beach)
L’anno scorso Michela ha comprato un nuovo computer. (Last year, Michela bought a new computer)
REFLECT
With expressions like ieri and l’anno scorso we use a tense called passato prossimo, formed with the verb essere or avere + a verbal form ending in “-ato / -uto / -ito”, called participio passato.
REMEMBER
To form il passato prossimo, use:
Essere / avere (present indicative) | Participio passato (past participle) |
| To form the past participle of regular verbs, start from the infinitive form minus “-are/-ere/-ire” and add “-ato/-uto/-ito”: – Verbs in -are > -ato Mangiare > mangi- > mangiato – Verbs in -ere > -uto Ricevere > ricev- > ricevuto – Verbs in -ire > -ito Dormire > dorm- > dormito |
How do you choose between essere and avere?
Typically, verbs that require a direct object (which answer the question chi/ che cosa?) form the passato prossimo with the verb avere. Verbs that indicate movement (or lack thereof) or change of status and do not require a direct object typically form the passato prossimo with essere.
To remember common verbs that use the essere, you can use the following mnemonic trick (SUPERMANCAVE):
Stare
Uscire
Partire
Entrare
Rimanere
Morire
Andare
Nascere
Crescere
Arrivare
Venire
Essere
Remember!
When the passato prossimo is formed with essere the past participle should be in agreement with the gender and number of the subject:
- Marta è andata al mare ieri. (Marta went to the ocean yesterday)
- Michele è diventato un ingegnere. (Michele became an engineer)
- Gli studenti sono venuti a lezione. (The students came to class)
When the passato prossimo is formed with avere, the past participle always ends in -o:
- Marta ha comprato un computer. (Marta bought a computer)
- Gli studenti hanno visitato il museo. (The students visited the museum)
Many past participles are irregular. You will need to memorize them, but there are some patterns
| Accendere > acceso Chiudere > chiuso Correre > corso Decidere > deciso Mettere > messo Perdere > perso Prendere > preso Scendere > sceso Spendere > speso Vivere > vissuto | Aprire > aperto Morire > morto Offrire > offerto Spegnere > spento Vincere > vinto
| Chiedere > chiesto Rimanere > rimasto Rispondere > risposto Vedere > visto | Dire > detto Fare > fatto Leggere > letto Nascere > nato Scrivere > scritto Venire > venuto |
Il verbo essere does not have a past participle. To form the passato prossimo of this verb, we use the past participle of stare:
- Io sono stata in montagna questo weekend. (I’ve been in the mountains this weekend)
- Giulia e Maria sono state bene con noi ieri. (Giulia and Maria were well with us yesterday)