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5.2: Unità 5 - Grammatica

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    Il congiuntivo passato

    OBSERVE

    Sembra che gli italiani abbiano riciclato di più l’anno scorso. (It seems that Italians recycled more last year)

    Crediamo che sia arrivato il momento per occuparsi del problema climatico. (We believe the time has come to address the climate issue)

    È importante che tu abbia manifestato contro l’inquinamento. (It is important that you demonstrated against pollution)

     

    REFLECT

    In Italian, we use the past subjunctive to express one’s opinions, thoughts, or desires regarding actions that happened in the past.

    As is the case for the present subjunctive, the congiuntivo passato is usually found in subordinate clauses introduced by verbs and impersonal expressions in the present tense of the indicativo. The most common verbs and expressions that trigger the congiuntivo passato are:

    • Opinion – credere (to believe), pensare (to think), immaginare (to imagine), avere l’impressione (to be under the impression)
    • Desire, hope or fear – volere (to want), preferire (to prefer), sperare (to hope), piacere (to like), temere (to fear), avere paura (to be scared/concerned)
    • Uncertainty – non essere sicuro (to be unsure), dubitare (to doubt)
    • Mental and emotional states – essere felice (to be happy), essere triste (to be sad), essere deluso (to be disappointed).
    • Impersonal verbs: bisogna (it’s necessary), sembra (it seems), pare (it appears)
    • Essere + adjective or adverb: è bene (it’s good), è giusto (it’s right), è difficile (it’s difficult), è possibile (it’s possible), è sbagliato (it’s wrong), è strano (it’s strange), è necessario (it’s necessary), è importante (it’s important).

     

    REMEMBER

    To conjugate a verb in congiuntivo passato you need to use essere or avere in the present subjunctive + the past participle.

    parlare nascere dormire essere avere
    io abbia parlato sia nato/a abbia dormito sia stato/a abbia avuto
    tu abbia parlato sia nato/a abbia dormito sia stato/a abbia avuto
    lui/lei/Lei abbia parlato sia nato/a abbia dormito sia stato/a abbia avuto
    noi abbiamo parlato siamo nati/e abbiamo dormito siamo stati/e abbiamo avuto
    voi abbiate parlato siate nati/e abbiate dormito siate stati/e abbiate avuto
    loro abbiano parlato siano nati/e abbiano dormito siano stati/e abbiano avuto

    warning-300x300.png Many past participles are irregular!

    Accendere > acceso
    Chiudere > chiuso
    Correre > corso
    Decidere > deciso
    Mettere > messo
    Perdere > perso
    Spendere > speso
    Scendere > sceso
    Vivere > vissuto
    Aprire > aperto
    Offrire> offerto
    Vincere > vinto
    Morire > morto
    Chiedere > chiesto
    Rispondere > risposto
    Vedere > visto
    Rimanere > rimasto
    Dire > detto
    Fare > fatto
    Leggere > letto
    Nascere > nato
    Venire > venuto

     

    Il congiuntivo imperfetto

    OBSERVE

    Pensavo che in Italia fosse più facile trovare lavoro. (I thought it was easier to find a job in Italy)

    Speravi che ci fosse meno spazzatura nel parco. (You wished there was less trash in the park)

    Vorrei che non si utilizzasse più la plastica. (I wish plastic was no longer used)

     

    REFLECT

    As for the present and the past subjunctive, congiuntivo imperfetto is usually found in subordinate clauses introduced by verbs and impersonal expressions like credere che, desiderare che, volere che, è bene che, è importante che, etc. However, in this case, the verb in the main clause is in the past tenses of the indicativo or in the conditional.

     

    REMEMBER

    To form the regular congiuntivo imperfetto, start from the infinitive root and add the following endings:

    abitare vendere sentire
    io abitassi vendessi sentissi
    tu abitassi vendessi sentissi
    lui/lei/Lei abitasse vendesse sentisse
    noi abitassimo vendessimo sentissimo
    voi abitaste vendeste sentiste
    loro abitassero vendessero sentissero

    warning-300x300.png IMPORTANT:

    • The pronouns io and tu have the same ending.
    • Verbs that are irregular in the indicativo imperfetto, such as bere, dire and fare, are also irregular in the congiuntivo imperfetto. 
    fare bere dire
    io facessi bevessi dicessi
    tu facessi bevessi dicessi
    lui/lei/Lei facesse bevesse dicesse
    noi facessimo bevessimo dicessimo
    voi faceste beveste diceste
    loro facessero bevessero dicessero

     

    However, there are some verbs such as essere, avere, and dare that are totally irregular in the congiuntivo imperfetto.

    essere  avere dare stare
    io fossi avessi dessi stessi
    tu fossi avessi dessi stessi
    lui/lei/Lei fosse avesse desse stesse
    noi fossimo avessimo dessimo stessimo
    voi foste aveste deste steste
    loro fossero avessero dessero stessero

     

    Il periodo ipotetico 

    OBSERVE

    Se andassimo a Roma, potremmo partecipare alla protesta per l’ambiente.  (If we went to Rome, we could participate in the protest for the environment)

    Se fossi il Presidente della mia nazione, sarei più sensibile alle questioni ambientali. (If I were the President of my country, I would be more sensitive to environmental issues)

    Se tu studiassi ecologia, potresti lavorare per Greenpeace. (If you studied ecology, you could work for Greenpeace)

     

    REFLECT

    In Italian, like in English, we use the imperfetto congiuntivo combined with the condizionale presente to talk about possible situations that could happen if another event occurred.

     

    REMEMBER

    To form the hypothetical of a possibility, you will always need an if clause and a then clause:

    If clause then (consequence) clause
    Se avessi i soldi

    (if I had money)

    farei il giro del mondo

    (I would travel around the world)

     


    This page titled 5.2: Unità 5 - Grammatica is shared under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Daria Bozzato and Massimiliano Cirulli via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.