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4.2: Unità 4 - Grammatica

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    317860
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    Il si + verbo

    OBSERVE

    In Italia si mangia molto bene. (In Italy people eat very well)

    Spesso ci si veste formali al lavoro. (People often wear formal at work)

    A giugno si fanno gli esami. (People have exams in June)

    REFLECT

    In Italian, we often use “si+verb” to indicate what people, in general, do.

    • “Si” followed by an intransitive verb (= verb without a direct object) is called si impersonale. In this case, the verb is always in the third person singular (e.g. In Italia si va all’università a 19 anni).
    • “Si” followed by a verb with a direct object is called si passivante. In this case, the verb can be in the third person singular or plural (it has to match the number of the direct object). For example:

    – Si guarda la televisione. (One watches TV)

    – Siindossano vestiti formali. (One wears formal clothes)

     

    REMEMBER

    “Si” is often followed by “deve” or “può” to indicate what one must or should do.

    warning-300x300.png When “si +verb” is used in combination with an adjective, the adjective is always masculine plural.

    If “si” is used with a reflexive or reciprocal verb, the reflexive/reciprocal pronoun goes before the “si” and becomes “ci”, to avoid the repetition.

    Compare:

    – I bambini si salutano. (Kids greet each other)

    – La mattina, ci si saluta con “buongiorno!” (In the morning, one greets with “buongiorno”)

     

    Il congiuntivo presente

    OBSERVE

    Penso che gli italiani guadagnino in media di meno degli americani. (I think Italians recycle more than Americans)

    Desidero che il governo faccia delle leggi per ridurre la disoccupazione. (I think Italians earn less than Americans on average)

    È importante che tu sia felice del tuo lavoro. (It is important that you are happy with your job)

    REFLECT

    In Italian, we use the subjunctive to express one’s opinions or thoughts, or following impersonal expressions.

    The congiuntivo presente is usually found in subordinate clauses introduced by “che”.

    Verbs and expressions that are followed by che + congiuntivo express:

    • Opinion – credere (to believe), pensare (to think), immaginare (to imagine), avere l’impressione (to be under the impression)
    • Desire, hope or fear – volere (to want), preferire (to prefer), sperare (to hope), piacere (to like), temere (to fear), avere paura (to be scared/concerned)
    • Uncertainty – non essere sicuro (to be unsure), dubitare (to doubt)
    • Mental and emotional states – essere felice (to be happy), essere triste (to be sad), essere deluso (to be disappointed).

     

    The congiuntivo also follows impersonal expressions:

    • Impersonal verbs: bisogna (it’s necessary), sembra (it seems), pare (it appears)
    • Essere + adjective or adverb: è bene (it’s good), è giusto (it’s right), è difficile (it’s difficult), è possibile (it’s possible), è sbagliato (it’s wrong), è strano (it’s strange), è necessario (it’s necessary), è importante (it’s important).

     

    REMEMBER

    warning-300x300.png  We use il congiuntivo only when the main sentence and the subordinate clause have different subjects. Otherwise, we use the infinitive form:

    – Bisogna che Giulia studi     vs    Bisogna studiare

    – Spero che tu passi questo esame    vs    Spero di passare l’esame

     

    To form the regular congiuntivo presente, start from the infinitive root and add the following endings:

    abitare vendere sentire
    io abiti venda senta
    tu abiti venda senta
    lui/lei/Lei abiti venda senta
    noi abitiamo vendiamo sentiamo
    voi abitiate vendiate sentiate
    loro abitino vendano sentano

     

    warning-300x300.png EXTREMELY IMPORTANT:

    • The pronouns io, tu, lui/lei/ Lei all have the same ending.
    • Similar to the indicativo presente, verbs ending in –care and –gare add the letter -h- before the subjunctive endings to preserve the hard sound.
    • Verbs that add -isc- in the indicativo presente, also add -isc- in the congiuntivo presente. For example: capire > io capisco (indicativo) > io capisca (congiuntivo)
    • Verbs that are irregular in the indicativo presente, are also irregular in the congiuntivo presente. For the conjugation of verbs such as andare, bere, dire, fare, volere, etc., we look at the first person of the indicativo presente and change the ending o into an -a for the io, tu, lui/lei/ Lei  form. For example: andare > io vado (indicativo) > io, tu, lui, lei/ Lei vada; bere > io bevo (indicativo) > io, tu, lui, lei/ Lei beva; etc. 

     

    andare bere dire fare potere volere venire uscire
    io vada beva dica faccia possa voglia venga esca
    tu vada beva dica faccia possa voglia venga esca
    lui/lei/Lei vada beva dica faccia possa voglia venga esca
    noi andiamo beviamo diciamo facciamo possiamo vogliamo veniamo usciamo
    voi andiate beviate diciate facciate possiate vogliate veniate usciate
    loro vadano bevano dicano facciano possano vogliano vengano escano

     

    However, there are some verbs such as essere, avere, and sapere that are totally irregular in the congiuntivo presente

    essere  avere dare sapere stare
    io sia abbia dia sappia stia
    tu sia abbia dia sappia stia
    lui/lei/Lei sia abbia dia sappia stia
    noi siamo abbiamo diamo sappiamo stiamo
    voi siate abbiate diate sappiate stiate
    loro siano abbiano diano sappiano stiano

     

    Congiuntivo o indicativo?

    OBSERVE

    Credo che oggi Luca abbia un colloquio di lavoro. (I think Luca has a job interview today)

    Secondo me, Giulio è nel suo ufficio in questo momento. (In my opinion, Giulio is in his office right now)

    Sono sicura che i miei studenti studiano molto. (I’m sure my students study a lot)

    REFLECT

    As you already know, we use the indicativo to express a fact, or something that we know for sure. We use the congiuntivo to express an opinion, or something that is likely (or unlikely) but not certain.

    Expressions of certainty that introduce the indicativo include:

    • essere certo che
    • essere sicuro che
    • sapere che
    • dire che
    • affermare che
    • è chiaro che
    • secondo me (te, lui, etc)
    • per me (te, lui, etc)
    • a mio (tuo, suo, etc) parere
    REMEMBER

    warning-300x300.png  Note that the negative form of these verbs still introduces the congiuntivo. Compare:

    – Sono certa che tu vuoi questo lavoro. (I’m certain that you want this job)

    – Non sono certa che tu voglia questo lavoro. (I’m not certain that you want this job)


    This page titled 4.2: Unità 4 - Grammatica is shared under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Daria Bozzato and Massimiliano Cirulli via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.