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3.2: Unità 3 - Grammatica

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    317854
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    Il condizionale presente

    OBSERVE

    Vorrei un caffè, per favore.  (I would like a coffee, please)

    Non credo che Giulio canterebbe alla festa. (I don’t think Giulio would sing at the party)

    Che facciamo stasera? Potremmo andare al cinema. (What are we doing tonight? We could go to the cinema)

    REFLECT

    We use the present conditional to express a desire, be polite, give advice, make a proposal, and make a hypothesis.

    REMEMBER

    To form the present conditional of regular verbs, start from the infinitive root and add the same endings:

     

    parlare > parler leggere> legger- dormire> dormir-
    io parler-ei legger-ei dormir-ei
    tu parler-esti legger-esti dormir-esti
    lui/lei/ Lei parler-ebbe legger-ebbe dormir-ebbe
    noi parler-emmo legger-emmo dormir-emmo
    voi parler-este legger-este dormir-este
    loro parler-ebbero legger-ebbero dormir-ebbero

    warning-300x300.png IMPORTANT: Like the future tense, there are several irregular forms in the present conditional.

    • Verbs ending in –care / –gare add an –h– to keep the hard c/g sound. For example:

    giocare > io giocherei, tu giocheresti…

    pagare > io pagherei, tu pagheresti…

    • Verbs ending in –ciare, –giare drop the ‘i’. For example: mangiare > io mangerei…
    • Fare, Dare, Stare drop the final ‘e’ and add the future endings. For example: io farei, tu daresti, lei starebbe…
    • Many verbs (mostly ending in -ere) drop the vowel before the -r-:
        • Andare >andr-
        • Avere > avr-
        • Cadere > cadr-
        • Dovere > dovr-
        • Potere > potr-
        • Sapere > sapr-
        • Vedere > vedr-
        • Vivere > vivr-
    • A handful of verbs have irregular roots connected to their Latin etymology:
        • Essere > sar-
        • Bere > berr-
        • Rimanere > rimarr-
        • Venire > verr-
        • Volere > vorr-

     

    Il condizionale passato

    OBSERVE

    Giulia ha detto che avrebbe lavorato di meno.  (Giulia said she would have worked less)

    Stamattina sono molto stanca. Avrei dovuto dormire di più. (I am very tired this morning. I should have slept more)

    Che male alla pancia! Non avrei dovuto mangiare tutta quella cioccolata! (What a stomach ache! I shouldn’t have eaten all that chocolate!)

    REFLECT

    We use the past conditional to talk about regrets, things that should have or would have happened in the past, and to express a future action in the past.

    REMEMBER

    To form the past conditional of regular and irregular verbs, you have to conjugate the verbs like the passato prossimo of the indicative. You need to use the auxiliary verbs avere or essere in the present conditional plus the past participle of the verb.

    warning-300x300.png IMPORTANT: if the past participle is irregular in the passato prossimo, it is also irregular in the past conditional, like in the model:

     

    avere essere
    io avrei avuto sarei stato/a
    tu avresti avuto saresti stato/a
    lui/lei/ Lei avrebbe avuto sarebbe stato/a
    noi avremmo avuto saremmo stati/e
    voi avreste avuto sareste stati/e
    loro avrebbero avuto sarebbero stati/e

     

    parlare  leggere partire
    io avrei parlato avrei letto sarei partito/a
    tu avresti parlato avresti letto saresti partito/a
    lui/lei/ Lei avrebbe parlato avrebbe letto sarebbe partito/a
    noi avremmo parlato avremmo letto saremmo partiti/e
    voi avreste parlato avreste letto sareste partiti/e
    loro avrebbero parlato avrebbero letto sarebbero partiti/e

     

    I pronomi relativi

    OBSERVE

    Mi piace la tisana allo zenzero che mi ha regalato Giulia.  (I like the ginger tea that Giulia gave me)

    Daria è la professoressa che insegna italiano ad Haverford College. (Daria is the professor who teaches Italian at Haverford College)

    La ragione per cui ho mal di pancia è che ho mangiato troppa cioccolata ieri! (The reason why I have a stomach ache is that I ate too much chocolate yesterday!)

    I figli non sempre fanno quello che gli dicono i genitori. (Children don’t always do what their parents tell them)

    REFLECT

    We use the relative pronouns che, cui, quello/ciò che to link two sentences together.

    warning-300x300.png IMPORTANT: while in English relative pronouns can be omitted, they are necessary in Italian!

    REMEMBER

    The relative pronouns che, chi, cui, quello/ciò che are invariable in Italian.

    warning-300x300.png IMPORTANT: you cannot use che with a preposition. You always need cui.

    Chi means “those who” and is NOT the literal translation of the English relative pronoun “who”. You need to use che in that case.

    For example: Daria è la professoressa che insegna italiano ad Haverford College. (Daria is the professor who teaches Italian at HC)

     

    Here is the list of the most common relative pronouns in Italian with their equivalents in English:

    Relative pronouns
    che (for things and people) that, which, who
    chi (for people) the one (s) who

    those who

    preposizione + cui (for things and people) :
    • a cui
    • con cui
    • di cui
    • da cui
    • in cui
    • per cui
    whom, which
    • to whom/ which
    • with whom/ which
    • of whom / which
    • from whom/ which
    • in whom/ which
    • for whom/ which
    quello / ciò che (for things and concepts) that which, the thing that

     


    This page titled 3.2: Unità 3 - Grammatica is shared under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Daria Bozzato and Massimiliano Cirulli via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.