2.11: Imperativo
- Page ID
- 288985
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)The imperativo (imperative) is used to give orders, directions, exhortations, warnings, or advice. It exists in all persons except the first person singular.
Imperativo (affirmative form)
The affirmative imperative is formed according to the following rules:
- The tu form of regular -are verbs ends in -a.
- The noi and voi forms of regular -are verbs use the present indicative tense.
- The tu, noi, and voi forms of regular -ere and -ire verbs use the present indicative tense.
- The Lei and Loro forms use the present subjunctive.
| -are verbs | -ere/-ire verbs | |
|---|---|---|
| tu | -a | Indicativo Presente |
| Lei | Congiuntivo Presente | Congiuntivo Presente |
| noi | Indicativo Presente | Indicativo Presente |
| voi | Indicativo Presente | Indicativo Presente |
| Loro | Congiuntivo Presente | Congiuntivo Presente |
Here is an example of the conjugation of regular verbs:
| Affirmative imperative of lavorare (to work) | Affirmative imperative of correre (to run) | Affirmative imperative of dormire (to sleep) | Affirmative imperative of pulire (to clean) |
|---|---|---|---|
| (tu) lavora | (tu) corri | (tu) dormi | (tu) pulisci |
| (Lei) lavori | (Lei) corra | (Lei) dorma | (Lei) pulisca |
| (noi) lavoriamo | (noi) corriamo | (noi) dormiamo | (noi) puliamo |
| (voi) lavorate | (voi) correte | (voi) dormite | (voi) pulite |
| (Loro) lavorino | (Loro) corrano | (Loro) dormano | (Loro) puliscano |
Imperativo negativo (negative form)
The negative imperative is formed according to the following rules:
- The tu form uses non + infinitive.
- The noi and voi forms use non + present indicative.
- The Lei and Loro forms use non + present subjunctive
| -are/-ere/-ire verbs | |
|---|---|
| tu | NON + Infinito (Infinitive form) |
| Lei | NON + Congiuntivo Presente |
| noi | NON + Indicativo Presente |
| voi | NON + Indicativo Presente |
| Loro | NON + Congiuntivo Presente |
Here is an example of the conjugation of regular verbs:
| Negative imperative of lavorare (to work) | Negative imperative of correre (to run) | Negative imperative of dormire (to sleep) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| tu | non lavorare | non correre | non dormire |
| Lei | non lavori | non corra | non dorma |
| noi | non lavoriamo | non corriamo | non dormiamo |
| voi | non lavorate | non correte | non dormite |
| Loro | non lavorino | non corrano | non dormano |
Verbi irregolari
1. Avere and essere have special forms for the tu imperative (abbi, sii) and use the present subjunctive in all other persons.
| Affirmative imperative of avere | Negative imperative of avere | Affirmative imperative of essere | Negative imperative of essere | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| tu | abbi | non avere | sii | non essere |
| Lei | abbia | non abbia | sia | non sia |
| noi | abbiamo | non abbiamo | siamo | non siamo |
| voi | abbiate | non abbiate | siate | non siate |
| Loro | abbiano | non abbiano | siano | non siano |
2. The following verbs have irregular (contracted) forms of the tu affirmative imperative. For all (except for dire), the non-contracted form can also be used:
| Irregular tu forms | |
|---|---|
| andare | va' (or vai) |
| dare | da' (or dai) |
| dire | di' |
| fare | fa' (or fai) |
| stare | sta' (or stai) |
3. Verbs that are irregular in the present indicative and present subjunctive have the same irregularities in the imperative.
| Tenere (to keep, to hold) | Uscire (to go out) | Venire (to come) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| tu | tieni | esci | vieni |
| Lei | tenga | esca | venga |
| noi | teniamo | usciamo | veniamo |
| voi | tenete | uscite | venite |
| Loro | tengano | escano | vengano |
Tieni la porta aperta! Keep the door open! Usciamo stasera! Let’s go out tonight! Dottore, venga subito per favore! Doctor, please come right away!
Risorse
Per trovare le coniugazioni di tutti i verbi, usa le risorse in APPENDIX
Imperativo + pronomi
When pronouns (direct-object pronouns, indirect-object pronouns, reflexive pronouns, CI, NE, double pronouns) are used with the imperative, their position depends on the person of the verb and whether the imperative is affirmative or negative.
LEI and LORO forms of the imperative + pronouns
Pronouns always precede the LEI and LORO forms in both the affirmative and the negative imperative.
Lo faccia subito! Do it immediately Non lo faccia troppo tardi! Don’t do it too late Gli diano una mano! Give him a hand! Non gli diano soldi! Don’t give him money!
TU, NOI, VOI forms of the affirmative imperative + pronouns
1. Pronouns are attached to the end of the TU, NOI, VOI forms of imperative to form one word. No matter how long the word becomes, the stress remains unchanged.
Porta la chiave a Ada! Per favore, portagliela! Give the key to Ada! Please, give it to her! Divertiamoci! Let’s have fun! Chiamate domani! Per favore, chiamatemi! Call tomorrow! Please, call me!
2. Da’/ di’/ fa’/ sta’ / va’ + pronoun
When pronouns are attached to the shortened TU forms of andare, dare, dire, fare, and stare, the apostrophe is dropped and the first consonant of the pronoun is doubled, except for the pronoun gli.
Examples:
dare: da’ → dacci dammi dalle dagli
dire: dì’ → dicci dimmi dille digli
fare: fa’ → facci fammi falle fagli
Va’ a casa! Vacci subito! Go home! Go there right away! Sta’ vicino a Laura! Stalle vicino! Stay close to Laura! Stay close to her! Mi fai un favore? Ti prego, fammelo! Will you do me a favor? Please, do it for me! Digli la verità! Per favore, digliela! Tell him the truth! Please, tell it to him!
TU, NOI, VOI forms of the negative imperative + pronouns
In the negative imperative, pronouns may either:
- precede the verb
- follow the verb. When a pronoun is attached to an infinitive, the final “e” of the infinitive is dropped.
| Affirmative | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| tu | Chiamala! | Non la chiamare! (Non chiamarla!) |
| noi | Chiamiamola! | Non la chiamiamo (Non chiamiamola!)* |
| voi | Chiamatela! | Non la chiamate! (Non chiamatela!) |
*NOTE: with the noi form of the negative imperative, it is less common for the pronoun to be attached to the verb
Verbi riflessivi (reflexive verbs)
The following table shows how reflexive verbs follow the preceding rules governing the position of pronouns in the imperative:
| Affirmative imperative of alzarsi (to get up) | Affirmative imperative of mettersi (to put on) | Affirmative imperative of divertirsi (to have fun) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| tu | alzati | mettiti | divertiti |
| Lei | si alzi | si metta | si diverta |
| noi | alziamoci | mettiamoci | divertiamoci |
| voi | alzatevi | mettetevi | divertitevi |
| Loro | si alzino | si mettano | si divertano |