4.1: Modals - Introduction
- Page ID
- 101589
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Modals
- Can
- Could
- May
- Might
- Should
- Must
- Will
- …
Form - sentences
- Subject + modal + base form of the verb
- I can play the piano.
- NOT:
- I can playing the piano.
- I can played the piano.
- He can plays the piano.
Modals - questions
- Switch subject + modal:
- Can you play the piano?
- Will you call me later?
- Where should we meet after class?
- Why can’t we smoke indoors?
Modals - negatives
- Add ‘not’ to the modal:
- She cannot live alone.
- I will not be able to call you later.
- You must not drink and drive.
- Contract in some cases:
- She can’t live alone.
- I won’t be able to call you later.
- Not with: must, may, or might
Must
- Legal obligation:
- You must wear your seatbelt in a car.
- You must not smoke inside the building.
- Asserting authority:
- Mother to child: ‘You must finish your homework before dinner.’
- Boss to employee: ‘You must complete the report by next week.’
Practice – Reader, P. 77
Must – legal obligation / if not, you break a law
According to the law, what must you do or not do in each of these cases:
- In a car:
- On an airplane:
- In the library:
- When crossing a street:
- When traveling abroad:
Have to / have got to
- Personal need:
- I have to study for my test.
- I’ve got to study for my test.
- I had to study for my test last week.
- I will have to study for my test next week.
- Personal obligation:
- She has to call her mother every day.
- She’s got to call her mother every day.
Practice – Reader, P. 77
1. What do you have to do this weekend?
2. What do you have to do if you want to get a good grade?
3. What did you have to do last weekend?
4. What did you have to do before you came to the U.S.?
5. What is your goal? What will you have to do to reach your goal?
6. Where do you have to go after class?
7. Who do you have to call every day?
8. What time do you have to wake up every day?
9. What time did you have to wake up every day when you were a child?
Be supposed to – reporting an expectation / obligation / rule
- You are supposed to wear a seatbelt in a car.
- Your landlord is supposed to provide heat in the winter months.
- I am supposed to call my doctor today.
- Students are supposed to complete their homework before class.
- When I was a child, I was supposed to clean my own room.
Practice
1. What are you supposed to do as a student?
2. What are tenants supposed to do?
3. What are landlords supposed to do?