17.8: Chronology
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The following chronology is a list of important dates and events associated with this chapter.
| Date | Event |
|---|---|
| Spring 1862 | Union officials began the process of reconstruction on South Carolina’s Sea Islands |
| November 1863 | Union officials began the Davis Bend experiment based on the principles of free labor |
| December 1863 | Lincoln issued the “Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction” or the Ten Percent Plan |
| March 1864 | Unionists in Arkansas adopted a new constitution under the Ten Percent Plan |
| April 1864 | Unionists in Virginia adopted a new constitution under the Ten Percent Plan |
| July 1864 | Unionists in Louisiana adopted a new constitution under the Ten Percent Plan; Congress approved the Wade-Davis bill; Lincoln vetoed the measure |
| January 1865 | Sherman met with former slaves in Savannah to discuss the meaning of freedom and then issued Special Field Order No. 15 |
| March 1865 | Congress approved and Lincoln signed the Freedmen’s Bureau bill |
| April 1865 | Lee surrendered to Grant; Civil War ended Lincoln assassinated; Vice President Andrew Johnson replaced him as President |
| May 1865 | President Johnson issued the Amnesty Proclamation |
| Summer 1865 | Black Codes established in most Southern States |
| December 1865 | Congress created Joint Committee of Fifteen on Reconstruction; Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery in the United States; Ku Klux Klan formed in Tennessee |
| February 1866 | Powers of Freedmen’s Bureau expanded by Congress |
| April 1866 | Civil Rights Act of 1866 passed over Johnson’s veto |
| May 1866 | Race Riot occurred in Memphis, Tennessee; Race Riot occurred in New Orleans, Louisiana |
| June 1866 | Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution approved by Congress |
| February 1867 | House of Representatives voted to impeach President Andrew Johnson |
| March 1867 | First Congressional Reconstruction Act passed over Johnson’s veto; Tenure of Office Act passed by Congress |
| May 1867 | Senate voted to acquit President Johnson |
| July 1867 | Addenda to the Reconstruction Act passed by Congress over Johnson’s veto |
| Summer 1868 | Ku Klux Klan violence increased in the South as the presidential election neared |
| July 1868 | Fourteenth Amendment ratified by the states |
| November 1886 | Ulysses S. Grant defeated Horatio Seymour in the presidential race |
| February 1869 | Fifteenth Amendment passed by Congress |
| December 1869 | Grant encouraged Congress to readmit Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas, the last of the unreconstructed states; Grant asked Congress to return Georgia to military rule because conservatives in the state legislature refused to seat the black representatives |
| May 1870 | Congress passed the First Enforcement Act |
| December 1870 | Grant asked Congress to consider civil service reform and Congress created a commission to look into the matter in early 1871 |
| February 1871 | Second Enforcement Act passed by Congress |
| April 1871 | Third Enforcement Act (the Ku Klux Klan Act) passed by Congress |
| October 1871 | Grant suspended habeas corpus for nine counties in South Carolina and sent federal troops to maintain order |
| May 1872 | Liberal Republicans nominated Horace Greeley for president; the Democrats later endorsed their selection |
| September 1872 | New York Sun exposed the Crédit Mobilier affair |
| November 1872 | Ulysses S. Grant defeated Horace Greeley in the presidential race |
| April 1873 | Colfax Massacre occurred |
| September 1873 | Jay Cooke &Co. failed setting off the Panic of 1873 |
| March 1873 | Congress voted to increase government salaries touching off the Back Pay Grab scandal |
| March 1874 | Congress approved the inflation bill to infuse money into the American economy, but Grant vetoed the measure |
| June 1874 | Benjamin Bristow took over as the secretary of treasury and began to investigate the Whiskey Ring |
| September 1874 | The White League in Louisiana attempted to overthrow the Republican governor; Grant dispatched federal troops to end the violence |
| November 1874 | Democrats regained control of the House of Representatives |
| January 1875 | Congress passed the Specie Resumption Act |
| March 1875 | Congress passed the Civil Rights Act |
| September 1875 | Mississippi requested federal assistance to fight Klan violence, and the Grant administration refused |
| March 1876 | Grant accepted William Belknap’s resignation before the House impeached him for accepting bribes; Supreme Court issued its decision in U.S. v. Reese and U.S. v. Cruikshank |
| June 1876 | Republicans nominated Ohio Governor Rutherford B. Hayes for president; Democrats nominated New York Governor Samuel J. Tilden for president |
| July 1876 | Violence broke out in South Carolina after the Hamburg Massacre; Grant sent troops to respond to the situation |
| November 1876 | Tilden won popular vote in the presidential election, but the Republicans and the Democrats debated over the Electoral College votes of Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina |
| February 1877 | Congress agreed to create an electoral commission to review the Electoral College returns; the commission awarded the states to Hayes |
| March 1877 | Hayes took the oath of office, and Reconstruction effectively ended |