10.6: Editing Focus- Paragraphs and Transitions
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Implement transitional words and phrases in a position argument.
- Apply genre conventions in paragraphs and transitions for general and specific situations.
In the initial drafts of your paper, you may have concentrated on single ideas for your body paragraphs and single thoughts within those paragraphs. Your argument will read more smoothly, however, if you use transitional words and phrases to show readers how your ideas are connected or opposed to each other.
Using Transitional Words and Phrases
To organize your paper most effectively, use transitional words or phrases , which show readers the relationship between different ideas—that is, how ideas connect with or are separate from each other. In the paragraph below, transitional words and phrases are underlined.
To get a copy of your transcript from Abbott Community College, first log on to the college web site. Next , click the “Transcript” link to the left of the college logo. When the link opens, fill out the information requested in the boxes. Then upload a copy of your student ID and pay $10 electronically. Finally , submit your form. Your transcript will be emailed to you, but you may have to wait up to three days before you receive it.
The transitional words and phrases show readers the sequence of steps they need to follow to get a transcript. If you remove the transitional words and phrases, the paragraph would be choppy, and readers might not follow the steps as easily.
Transitions also help guide readers between paragraphs. Below are the body paragraphs a student wrote about the need for a traffic light at a street that leads into his college. The first version has no transitions.
Many vehicles speed through the intersection without regard to the posted speed limit. A traffic signal would make vehicles slow down. They would not be able to speed through the signal.
Pedestrian safety is a problem. Many students and others cross this intersection when coming to or leaving campus, and they must dodge traffic to get across. A traffic signal would allow them to cross at appropriate times.
The amount of traffic has increased dramatically. A manufacturing plant opened four blocks from the intersection. The number of businesses in the strip mall at the intersection has grown by 50 percent. The college has changed its traffic routing for football games. Fans must enter via this intersection.
The most compelling reason to install a traffic signal is that the number of accidents has risen far past an acceptable limit. According to recent police reports, a traffic accident occurs at least three times a month. One accident resulted in a loss of life.
The student then added transitions and changed the wording accordingly to help readers follow his ideas. The underlined transitions at the beginning of each paragraph alert readers to the four reasons he presents and to where he changes from one to another. The underlined transitions within the paragraphs help readers understand the relationship of ideas.
First , many vehicles speed through the intersection without regard to the posted speed limit. A traffic signal would make vehicles slow down, for they would not be able to speed through the signal.
Second , pedestrian safety is a problem. Many students and others cross this intersection when coming to or leaving campus, and now they must dodge traffic to get across. A traffic signal, therefore , would allow them to cross at appropriate times.
Another reason to install the traffic signal has to do with the amount of traffic, which has increased dramatically in recent years . Two years ago , a manufacturing plant opened four blocks from the intersection. In the past 16 months , the number of businesses in the strip mall at the intersection grew by 50 percent. Furthermore , the college has changed its traffic routing for football games, and now fans must enter via this intersection.
Finally , the most compelling reason to install a traffic signal is that the number of accidents has risen far past an acceptable limit. According to recent police reports, a traffic accident occurs at that intersection at least three times a month. In fact , one of those accidents resulted in a loss of life.
Frequently Used Transitional Words and Phrases
Addition: again, and, further, in addition, next, then, also, as well as
Cause-and-effect: accordingly, consequently, for this reason, hence, therefore, thus, as a result
Amplification: again, also, apparently, first (second, third), moreover, indeed, more, most, in fact
Chronological order: after, before, during, earlier, finally, first (second, third), immediately, last, next, then, later
Concession or agreement: although, at least, at any rate, certainly, (even) though, in spite of, of course, still, nevertheless, nonetheless
Compare and contrast: at the same time, comparatively, conversely, however, instead, likewise, moreover, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, rather, similarly, still, yet, despite
Detail: including, in particular, namely, specifically, to list
Emphasis or clarification: above all, again, certainly, especially, furthermore, in fact, particularly, indeed
Example: chiefly, for example (instance), in other words, in particular, mainly, specifically Intention: for this purpose, in order to do this, to this end, with this in mind
Location: above, along, behind, below, here, near, next to, opposite, to the left (right) of, under
Summary: finally, in conclusion, in short, in other words, thus
For more information about paragraphs and transitions, see Paragraphs and Transitions.