11.1: Overview
- Page ID
- 32166
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)The 19th century was a time of transformation around the world and revolutionized the concepts and principles of art as part of the broad sweeping changes in the art world. Instead of lasting several decades or centuries, art movements changed every 10-20 years as artists experimented with technology and innovative ideas. The industrial revolution brought prosperity, an emerging middle class, and people with time on their hands to enjoy life. Transportation gave the general population and artists the ability to travel to other countries, exposure to other cultures, to study and learn new art methods. Art around the world changed and became incorporated into everyday life, no longer controlled by royalty, government, or religion.
During this period, experiments with multiple art styles occurred as new technologies changed traditional art. The invention of tubes to hold paint allowed artists to paint outside, en Plein Aire, capturing the view before them directly on the canvas instead of making sketches and finishing the painting in their studio. Both the Impressionists and the Hudson River School artists now used the natural light of nature. Georges Seurat developed the style called pointillism, applying small dots of adjacent complementary colors on the canvas to form the image. The camera was invented in this period creating the ability to record an image, an invention profoundly changing art, and bringing the technology to all people.
The changes likewise brought new opportunities for female artists to be recognized and accepted. One of the significant turning points for women happened with the emergence of the Les Trios Grandes Dames of Impressionism in France, paving the way for other women artists to follow in future generations. The Grand Dames exhibited their work in the prominent Salons and competed alongside some of the finest male artists of the period. Women in the United States exhibited art in support of their women's suffragette movement, although in cities like Philadelphia, society boycotted the show. Art from Japan influenced European artists as they developed the new Japonism style when access to other cultures broadened the artistic environment.
Chapter 11, The Industrial Revolution (1800 CE–1899 CE) altered the concepts of art with new inventions and techniques. These changes reflected worldwide as artists in every country experimented and influenced the art methods in their regions.
|
Movement |
Time Frame |
Starting Location |
|
Romanticism |
1780 - 1850 |
Europe |
|
Realism |
1848 - 1870 |
France |
|
Hudson River School |
1850s - 1880 |
United States |
|
Shanghai School of Art |
Late 19th Century |
China |
|
Edo Period |
1615 - 1868 |
Japan |
|
Impressionism |
1860 - 1890 |
France |
|
Post-Impressionism |
1885 – 1905 |
France |
|
Art Nouveau |
1890 – 1914 |
France |
|
Photography |
Since 1826 |
France |
The artists in this time continually changed their styles, learning from previous movements, and using the new technology and methods brought by the industrial changes in the world.
|
Artist |
Approx. Birth |
Movement |
|
Theodore Gericault |
1791 |
Romanticism |
|
Francisco Goya |
1746 |
Romanticism |
|
Eugene Delacroix |
1798 |
Romanticism |
|
Gustave Courbet |
1819 |
Realism |
|
Thomas Eakins |
1844 |
Realism |
|
Rosa Bonheur |
1822 |
Realism |
|
Winslow Homer |
1836 |
Realism |
|
Edward Manet |
1832 |
Realism |
|
Thomas Cole |
1801 |
Hudson River School |
|
Albert Bierstadt |
1830 |
Hudson River School |
|
Fredrick Church |
1826 |
Hudson River School |
|
Julie Hart Beers |
1835 |
Hudson River School |
|
Harriet Cary Peale |
1799 |
Hudson River School |
|
Robert Seldon Duncanson |
1821 |
Hudson River School |
|
Wu Changshuo |
1844 |
Shanghai School of Art |
|
Zhao Zhuiqin |
1829 |
Shanghai School of Art |
|
Ren Bonian |
1840 |
Shanghai School of Art |
|
Torii Kiyonaga |
1752 |
Edo Period |
|
Katsushika Hokusai |
1760 |
Edo Period |
|
Utagawa Hiroshige |
1797 |
Edo Period |
|
Claude Monet |
1840 |
Impressionism |
|
Pierre Renoir |
1841 |
Impressionism |
|
Alfred Sisley |
1839 |
Impressionism |
|
Camille Pissarro |
1830 |
Impressionism |
|
Mary Cassatt |
1844 |
Les Trois Grandes Dames Impressionism |
|
Berthe Morisot |
1841 |
Les Trois Grandes Dames Impressionism |
|
Marie Bracquemond |
1840 |
Les Trois Grandes Dames Impressionism |
|
Vincent Van Gogh |
1853 |
Post-Impressionism |
|
Paul Gauguin |
1848 |
Post-Impressionism |
|
Paul Cezanne |
1839 |
Post-Impressionism |
|
Henri Toulouse Lautrec |
1864 |
Post-Impressionism |
|
Georges Seurat |
1859 |
Post-Impressionism |
|
Edgar Degas |
1834 |
Post-Impressionism |
|
Walter Crane |
1845 |
Art Nouveau |
|
William Morris |
1834 |
Art Nouveau |
|
Alfonse Mucha |
1860 |
Art Nouveau |
|
Louis Daguerre |
1787 |
Photography |
|
Eadweard Muybridge |
1830 |
Photography |